[Hint: use the principle of cross-cutting relations to justify your answer.] Determine and record the diameter of the caldera structure (include the over all caldera structure in this measurement). (not recommended in an introductory lab - you don't know who has handled or licked the sample before you).Other PropertiesFluorescence, RadioactivityRequires special equipment such as a UV lamp and geiger counter. > h] bjbj!! Valleys on western Chryse Planitia near Viking 1 site. (80 km diameter). What process do you think formed Reuyl crater (marked B on Figure 11)? HYPERLINK "../Honors227/Images/10_3.jpg"Figure 3. More about these experiments can be read on the Chiemgau impact website where a hypervelocity impact video may be downloaded. The curious central mound within the craters can be explained by Hertzian and spallation fracturing on collision with the hard hailstones. Suggest some ways in which the scarp around Olympus Mons might have formed. Transcript (121 KB) Overview : Impact cratering is, arguably, the most important and fundamental geological process in the Solar System. }v)He|/7rw9>{W9qM~Zs.|9q7_9'o2p3kie V;\UXF}w1l`p!U,9#H{wx 0 ~ endstream endobj 103 0 obj 294 endobj 67 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 59 0 R /Resources 68 0 R /Contents [ 75 0 R 77 0 R 79 0 R 86 0 R 88 0 R 93 0 R 96 0 R 99 0 R ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 68 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageB ] /Font << /F2 85 0 R /F3 71 0 R /F4 91 0 R /F9 69 0 R /F12 83 0 R >> /XObject << /Im9 95 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 98 0 R /GS14 101 0 R >> >> endobj 69 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F9 /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 255 /Widths [ 343 384 500 686 686 975 848 250 352 352 483 686 343 392 343 579 686 686 686 686 686 689 686 686 686 686 343 343 686 686 686 595 740 781 677 660 752 550 542 842 803 324 489 758 495 983 881 887 661 887 680 616 533 778 761 1117 789 714 707 350 579 350 686 500 402 682 682 483 682 610 388 677 661 302 302 688 302 989 661 662 682 682 453 513 360 659 623 996 712 654 559 352 579 352 686 343 781 781 660 550 881 887 778 682 682 682 682 682 682 483 610 610 610 610 302 302 302 302 661 662 662 662 662 662 659 659 659 659 686 400 686 686 686 686 686 651 800 800 940 402 604 0 1026 887 0 686 0 0 686 659 0 0 0 0 0 409 410 0 940 662 595 384 686 0 686 0 0 603 603 1000 343 781 781 887 1140 1022 500 1000 628 628 372 372 686 0 654 714 194 686 354 354 679 690 686 343 338 594 1460 781 550 781 550 550 324 324 324 324 887 887 0 887 778 778 778 302 590 549 603 539 402 457 380 539 350 590 ] /Encoding /MacRomanEncoding /BaseFont /Futura-Bold /FontDescriptor 73 0 R >> endobj 70 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 21345 /Length1 28684 >> stream T U ; = B } ~ x z h_X B* CJ ph h_X B* ph The texture of an igneous rock does not refer to the roughness or smoothness of the surface. Consider the relationship between Ma'adim Vallis and Gusev, the 160 km . Reuyl, Dirk. Below a trajectory defining floor and walls of the expanding cavity, the rock material cannot leave and is compressed sideward and downwards. Based on your observations, what is the probable order of occurrence of A, B, C, and D in Figure 5 (i.e., which came first, second, third, last)? When first we see images of the famous one-kilometer (0.75-mile) bowl-shaped Barringer meteorite crater in Arizona (Fig. Quite a few interesting questions may remain open. Both are black in color, and is composed of carbon. As a result, there are only around 160 known impact craters in existence today (though there are surely more that haven't been discovered). Were still searching for a clue to deduce that.. Copernicus is a large crater (93 kilometers or 60 miles wide) on the Moon. Platy minerals tend to dominate. Dark colors, such as black and dark brown, indicate a mafic or ultramafic composition. 245 pp, Oxford Univ. What process do you think formed Reuyl crater (marked B on Figure 5)? The now existing bowl-shaped structure surrounded by an uplifted rim and a blanket of ejected material is termed the transient crater obviously indicating a continuation of the impact cratering process arriving in the modification stage. Apart from the distinct role rarefactions waves play in the formation of the excavation flow field, they are especially relevant geologically. When an asteroidal or cometary object strikes a planetary surface, it is traveling typically at several tens of kilometres per secondmany times the speed of sound.A collision at such extreme speeds is called a hypervelocity impact. Essentially, the Moon's surface has not been modified since early in its history, so most of its craters are still visible. Pretty much any tiny dent made on the Moon's surface is going to stay there. Diameter 290 km. Fortunately determination of the exact chemical composition is not necessary. Moon craters are formed by volcanism and cratering. Compare Apollinaris Patera (marked A on Figure 5) to Olympus Mons (Figure 1). Elastic rebound and collapse cause the excavation trajectories to go into reverse in a way, and the rock masses tend to move upwards and centripetally thus, accompanied by large-scale downfaulting, largely backfilling the transient crater. Multi-ring basin Mona Lisa on Venus. Oblong craters can be created by impacts striking the surface at a very low angle. rought The right side of Figure 12.4 shows a rift zone on Venus. On relieving of pressure, there is an elastic rebound at the crater floor now hosting a layer of brecciated rocks. endobj Thus, if a valley cuts through a crater, the crater must be older. <> Mass movement is the displacement of material by landslides or slumping through the action of gravity. Fig. Lastly, pyroclastic texture is composed of volcanic fragments. In this way, all rock particles behind the expanding shock front are captured by both the compressive shock and the tensile rarefaction, and both combine into a vector of acceleration. endobj Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars would have formed last, when the Sun was far calmer. Computations suggest craters that were formed by a low-density projectile are flatter and have distinctly larger diameter ratios (compared to the above-mentioned one-to-ten ratio of projectile and crater diameter). Moreover, the principles of superposition and cross-cutting relations indicate that a feature which at least partly covers another feature is the younger. Thank you for your participation! Although impacts of extraterrestrial objects onto the Earth's surface occur at hypervelocity (high speed) and involve much more kinetic energy than any impacts in a classroom lab might do, such a lab can be worthwhile. Reuyl crater is at the southern edge of a region known to be blanketed in thick dust based on its high albedo (brightness) and low thermal inertia values. 19. On Mars, meteor storms 100 million years ago may have literally shaken the Red Planet to the core and destroyed its magnetic field. 3. Marble is composed of calcite and will readily react to a small drop of HCl. <> In fact, the differences between craters provide a lot of information about how the craters formed, when they formed, and why. xZms|fl d;NrHIM. The impactor is shattered into small pieces and may melt or vaporize. This process is comparable to the transition from alluvial fan to debris flow-like evidence reported in the Harris crater, . These are impact craters, each of which was formed when an asteroid or comet collided with the Moon's surface. Indeed, impact craters are one of the most common geological landforms on the majority of rocky terrestrial planets, asteroids, and many of the rocky and icy moons of the inner and outer Solar System. The origins of Uluru (and Kata Tjuta) date back about 500 million years, to around the same time the Australian continent was formed. This can be easily confused with a crystal face and is the most difficult properties for students to master.ColorVisible light spectrum radiation reflected from a mineral.Look at the sample and determine its color - white, black, green, clear, etc.Crystal FormGeometric shape of a crystal or mineral.Examine and describe the geometric shape of the mineral - cubic, hexagonal, etc. {u/ 8`&_@ug,jbAM$[$oPocqM9K'5u"gY2;!1Nb$NfMc,cl9{=ZY6m#v]b1$m|"^K)Ks7q~B-=Cdl/)q&eHdiT) %Iwd`y\*/[Cr|R>/cRN]UyYIcF8`wiaV>bzw]'b+DZbV;zdge4e=00%9)q@B|~1QV, V=~ERZRm -Y 2. | A complex crater in the northern region of Mars. Porphyritic texture is composed of crystals of two different sizes. Obsidian is volcanic glass which erupts as a lava flow. These temperatures are enough to more or less completely vaporize the impactor and a volume of the target rocks roughly comparable to the volume of the impactor, resulting in a giant expanding impact vapor plume. Here again, the difference is obvious: In the case of cobble-into-mud or raindrop impacts the craters are not much larger than the projectile (Fig. Phaneritic texture is composed of crystals that are large enough to see but smaller than pegmatitic texture, and the entire rock is composed of crystals. endobj Quartzite is composed of quartz sand grains. Degraded craters -- Craters that have become eroded due to weathering, lava flows, impacting, or downslope movement of material. Reuyl is a crater in the Aeolis quadrangle of Mars, located at 9.8 south latitude and 193.2 west longitude. Large crustal blocks were merging together to create the . Around its base is a steep cliff as high as 6 km. Plagioclase is a member of the feldspar group, but there is more than one type of plagioclase. The ejecta of the larger crater is different from that of the smaller crater. What happens if a comet or a very low-density, loosely bound asteroid (like Mathilde asteroid, Fig. The composition of clastic sedimentary rocks is divided into three types - clay/silt, sand and gravel. 1 0 obj Image credit: NASA. 18. They are typically filled with impact rocks (impactites) in the form of impact melt rocks,suevitesand different kinds ofbreccias. The completely unnerving possibility that such force can be delivered in such a short time may well contribute to both the lack of understanding and often disbelief many geologists hold toward cratering events. How the atoms and molecules are arranged and the strength of the bonding between the atoms result in different physical properties for different minerals. This was obviously not the case, and so most of the Moon craters could not be meteoritic. Which of the four geologic processes do you think formed this channel? A mystery concerning water on Mars is "Where did it go?" Impact basins are very large impact structures that are more than 300 kilometers (185 miles) in diameter. April 8, 2015. A very rough rule of thumb amounts to the order of a one-to-ten diameter ratio. These craters are, however, decidedly not impact structures. A geologic process. 8. Correspondingly, a zone of rock melt follows the vaporized zone, and when shock energy is further lowered rocks will only be heavily damaged (fractured, brecciated) with decreasing intensity. 17. The circular shape is due to material flying out in all directions as a result of the explosion upon impact, not a result of the impactor having a circular shape (almost no impactors are spherical). endobj Although Mars does not have plate tectonics like the Earth, there are many tectonic features that show its surface has been deformed. As lower levels of the lava start to cool, they are also pulled . This thick mantle of dust creates the appearance of snow covered mountains in the image. Sedimentary Rock Identification ChartTEXTUREGRAIN SIZECOMPOSITIONROCK NAMEClastic2 mmrock fragments, quartz, feldsparConglomerate1/16 - 2 mmquartz, feldsparSandstone<1/16 mmquartz, clay mineralsMudstone1/16 mmfeldspar, quartzArkoseChemicalcalciteLimestonesilica (quartz)ChertgypsumRock GypsumhaliteRock SaltBiologicorganic material, plant fragmentsBituminous Coalcalcite, shell and skeletal fragmentsCoquinacalcite with some fossilsFossiliferous Limestone Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have undergone a change from their original form due to changes in temperature, pressure or chemical alteration. Craters of the Moon is a large lava flow field with cinder cones, spatter cones, lava tubes, volcanic bombs and tree molds. Limestone may or may not contain fossils. Fig. During the excavation phase, the massive shock wave causes the projectile to simultaneously melt and vaporize, spewing plumes of searing hot rock vapor miles high into the atmosphere. 13). Larger impacts also still occur, but these are much more rare. Whereas volcanic craters arise from deep inside the planet, impact craters originate in outer space. When a meteor makes it through Earths atmosphere without burning up, it strikes the ground faster than the speed of sound. The modification stage of impact cratering. d. Maadim Vallis is the channel in the southeast part of the photograph, marked C. Which of the four processes do you think formed Maadim Vallis? Impact Craters. Similar to some river systems on Earth, these Martian channels have a branching pattern. How can craters be used to determine the age of a planet or moon? Aeolian (wind) activity is also a continuing process of erosion. How does the mass of the projectile affect the cratering process? Larger craters can have terraces, central peaks, and multiple rings. How many objects from space impact Earth each year? Partner, Earth and Space Science News for Educators. 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