b. susceptibility to Neisseria Which of the following is not a concern of environmental toxicology? Ebola hemorrhage fever is caused by a ______, and was the source of an epidemic in western Africa in 2014. Which of the following is/are part of accepted cell theory? b. antigenic shift d. Candida albicans Includes pectins, vitamins (like A, C, and E), and cruciferous vegetables (like cabbage and broccoli) in your diet. C) A person with an illness cannot be considered healthy. e. Listeria monocytogenes The palisade mesophyll layer is responsible for most of the photosynthesis that occurs while the spongy mesophyll layer underneath it aids in the exchange of gases (CO2 and O2) and water vapor. A. ", lethal dose of a chemical for half of the population. Viruses can reproduce on their own at any time. b. 120 seconds. Because organs such as your skin and liver make frequent repairs, they are also more likely to ______. a) interference with viral replication d. I would expect to find the photosynthetic enzymes associated with the ER of the bacteria. a. epidermis c. Haemophilus influenzae Developing radiation sickness after exposure to radiation - Acute effect Culture the substance by itself on nutritive medium, away from any plant cells. stable, they do not degrade easily and have become extremely widespread in the environment. b. facilitated diffusion a. X-linked agammaglobulinemia b. Proviruses consist of double-stranded DNA. a. osmosis. Which of the following statements accurately describes plant virus infections? (Use just one word for your answer.). Bacteria injects DNA into a host cell. d) They have little effect on plant growth. - Mutagens are agents such as chemicals or radiation that damage DNA. So, the water osmosed across the plasma membranes into the radish cells decreasing the turgor pressure inside of the cells. d. 13-79 A patient is diagnosed with AIDS when CD4 T-cell counts _____. d. a ribosome. Excreting water-soluble salts and other substances - Kidneys. All living cells arise from preexisting cells, and all living cells have membrane-enclosed organelles. Which of the following organelles would you expect to be especially abundant in muscle cells? d. There will be no net movement of water because the solutions are isotonic. Rank the order of the following causes of death, putting the lowest risk of death for a person in the United States on bottom and the highest risk of death at the top. Outbreaks of health problems that have a psychological rather than a physical basis are referred to as ______. - demand protection from every potentially harmful contaminant or accept some exposure as our bodies can repair some damage Increased frequency:decreased depth of penetration C. Increased blood flow:greater temperature increase D. Increased water content:increased ultrasound absorption From what substance do liposomes spontaneously form and why are they important? For some toxic substances, a millionth of a gram (an amount invisible to the naked eye) can be lethal. A long piece of ribbon wired along both long edges is twisted into a helix and wrapped around individual pipe cleaners that have been rolled into spools; this grouping is then twisted (super coiled) again to condense it. Why do scientists classify viruses as non-living? What can be concluded about policy decisions addressing hazardous and toxic nutrients based on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's assessment of relative risks to human welfare? There is evidence that elephants communicate via infrasound, generating rumbling vocalizations as low as 14 Hz that can travel up to 10 km. the selective absorption and storage of a great variety of molecules inside cells at levels that are higher than the environment. c. X-linked hyper IgM syndrome: gamma globulin injections B.) If you already knew that the infectious agent was a prion, select all the treatments that would allow you to distinguish this? Contrast the methods used by the Greek philosophers and Dalton to study the c. they are able to form stable dimers with the normal form b. it founded the plymouth colony under a proprietary governor. Write the equation describing the equilibrium established when HNO2HNO_2HNO2 reacts with NH3NH_3NH3. 13-8 _____ is a strategy used by herpesviruses where replication and the generation of virus-derived peptides are avoided in order to hide from the immune response. - Endocrine disrupters may cause feminization of males. Additionally, small Na ions and some proteins can pass through the membrane against the concentration gradient, but both require the assistance of active transport proteins. e. factor I c. eukaryotic and plant We perceive risk differently, depending on control, interests, or context. In environmental toxicity studies, when an interaction between two substances results in one of them exacerbating the effects of another by 20-fold it is called a(n) ______ interaction. Which of the following statements correctly describes one difference between vertical and horizontal transmission of plant viruses? Viruses burst (lyse) from host cells and kill the cell; Virus connects to a receptor on the cell's surface; New viruses infect other cells and create more viruses; Virus genomes and protein cotas self-assemble; Re-sequence the steps in teh chart to reflect the correct order of the virus reproduction process. In which leaf tissues would you expect to find the highest density of chloroplasts? Select one or more: O a. The envelope helps protect viruses exposed to heat and/or detergents. c. semipermeable 2. a. the cell wall What is the current concern with using Sprague-Dawley rats in toxicology studies? This is because the solution on the left side of the figure is hypertonic while the solution on the right side of the figure is hypotonic. True or false: Most people in industrialized nations have PFC residues (perflurooctanoic acid) in their blood. They may contain genomic DNA or RNA. The majority of the SMC is . 1. A change in the pressure of a gas results in a more significant change in volume than it would in a liquid. b. protease In this paper, static cone penetration test data of a project site are used, and random field theory is . The nuclear envelope consists of two concentric phospholipid bilayers while the plasma membrane is only one phospholipid bilayer. c. phagocytosis. c) They are rarely spread by insects. Culture the substance by itself on nutritive medium, away from any plant cells. d. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase; influenza virus d. inhibition of peptide transport by transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) Differences in physiology, metabolism, and body size result in species reacting ______ to a specific compound, which makes human risk difficult to estimate. c. No; although prokaryotic cells are comparatively less efficient than eukaryotic cells, they are still able to carry out the processes necessary for survival and reproduction. Show transcribed image text b. chronic granulomatous disease Herpes simplex virus infects B lymphocytes. a. plasma membrane. a. b. purine nucleotide phosphorylase (PNP) e. Janus 3 kinase (Jak3) The tertiary structure consists of eight beta-strands connected by -helices (known as the globin fold) Hemoglobin is a tetramer composed of two different types of globin subunits, each of which has an O 2 binding site c. Epidemics; pandemics c. I would expect to find the photosynthetic enzymes associated with the mitochondria of the bacteria. a. Public policies regarding toxicity are based on the results of ______, and scientists still have the most confidence in this method. b) Viruses can replicate independently of their cellular hosts. a. LFA-3 The odds of being involved in a car accident are about 1 in 100 while the odds of being involved in an airplane accident are about 1 in 5,000. The project is the solution towards mitigating scams and rugpulls. c) membrane d. local populations; global populations. a. X-linked agammaglobulinemia: gamma globulin injections O Enveloped viruses do not have protein spikes. Asbestos workers who smoke, however, have a 400-fold increase in cancer rates. Which one of the following statements best describes the role of B cells and T cells in the human body? b. prokaryotic and animal Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are a concern because being ______. d. it made plymouth a royal colony c. The cell should gain weight over time because it is hypertonic to the beaker environment and water will enter the cell through osmosis. So, the water osmosed across the plasma membranes out of the radish cells decreasing the turgor pressure inside of the cells and making them crunchier. c. CD28 The epidermis layer functions like a covering of skin to protect the leaf while vascular bundles carry water and nutrients through the leaf. d. pinocytosis. The ________________ principle is being used to regulate toxins by requiring manufacturers to prove that substances are safe rather than requiring regulators to show that they are dangerous. c. No; although prokaryotic cells are comparatively less efficient than eukaryotic cells, they are still able to carry out the processes necessary for survival and reproduction. d. eukaryotic and animal. C.) A virus is nonliving because it lacks an organelle that allows movement. b. immune individuals; susceptible individuals c. The water will mostly move from side "A" to side "B" because the water concentration is higher on side "B." a. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome caused by deficiency of WASP d. carrier proteins. d. Transport proteins, channel proteins, and passive carrier proteins all help increase the selective permeability of a phospholipid bilayer membrane. Which of the following statements accurately describes plant virus infections? - The chemical agent is water-soluble. Substances that cause invasive, out-of-control cell growth resulting in tumors are called ______. c. The saline you used was hypertonic to the RBCs; this resulted in water osmosing through the RBC plasma membrane mostly out of the cell. Patriot Lite Travel Medical Insurance SM - Addresses the insurance needs of U.S. and non-U.S. citizens who need temporary medical insurance while traveling for business or pleasure anywhere outside of their home country. d. Certain solutes move freely across the membrane by simple diffusion while others must be helped across by active or passive transport proteins; some substances are completely excluded from crossing the membrane. You isolate an infectious substance that is capable of causing disease in plants, but you do not know whether the infectious agent is a bacterium, virus, or prion. e. agammaglobulinemia caused by deficiency of Bruton's tyrosine kinase c. They do not readily mix with the hydrophobic tails forming the core of the phospholipid bilayer; therefore, they must move across by facilitated diffusion. *two answers*, which of the following. answer choices Viruses are much smaller than bacteria cells. - that some minimal dose is necessary before any effect can be observed. a. Choose ALL that apply. They are slippery, heat-resistant, and durable. e. antigenic drift. This virus attacks the white blood cells (immune cells) of the human body. a. CD40 ligand e. They induce suppression of the immune response by causing T cells to undergo apoptosis. - do not damage or kill living organisms by reacting with cellular components to disrupt metabolic functions Which of the following statements accurately describes the natural history of a disease? d. carbon dioxide (CO2), b. sodium ions (Na+), hydrogen ions (H+), sugars, and amino acids. Your lab partner has also made a slide, but the RBCs on their slide do look like the ones in the lab manual; your lab partner used a more dilute solution of saline but the same vial of blood. Antibiotics for humans are generally ______ in the United States. a. is the site where lipids destined for other cellular compartments are manufactured. Proton therapy accurately targets very specific locations, which may result in less damage to surrounding . This is because the solution on the left side of the figure is hypotonic while the solution on the right side of the figure is hypertonic. True or false: Sick building syndrome refers to symptoms such as headaches, allergies, and chronic fatigue caused by a variety of toxins that build up in poorly ventilated indoor spaces. They are only capable of reproducing once inside a living host cell. 180 seconds. c) Viruses are difficult to place precisely within the tree of life. "Approximately 88% of our 2022 revenue came from technology-enabled business solutions. Which of the following groups of people is most likely to have an increased exposure to toxic chemicals because of their job responsibilities? The Sprague-Dawley rat is ______ to endocrine disrupters than ordinary rats, so studies using them are not reliable. Which of the following is a reasonable and possible explanation of the experimental results? b. a cell wall. e. human immunodeficiency virus. a. CD18; produce cell adhesion molecules The Black Death, the 1918 influenza, and the H1N1 flu virus were all ______, as they caused widespread and worldwide infections. Exhaling excess carbon dioxide - Lungs Eradication of diseases such as polio or smallpox. e. C3; opsonize capsulated bacteria. Which of the following important considerations in setting environmental health policy is most often overlooked? b. a worker in a factory who places labels on products and then packs them into a shipping box c) Reverse transcription would no longer be possible. 13-60 Herpes simplex virus favors neurons for latency because of the low level of _____, which reduces the likelihood of killing by CD8 T cells. is an emerging discipline that seeks to understand how environmental changes threaten our health and the environment itself. IV. a. it created the massachusetts bay colony. Some antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections kill the bacteria by chemically punching holes in the cell wall of the bacteria, by preventing the bacteria from replicating their DNA, or by many other actions that ultimately cause cell death. Multiple Choice Q09 Which of the following statements correctly describes the most probable fate of a newly emerging virus that causes high mortality in its host? b. proteins. - HIV is more lethal. - misunderstanding probabilities about harm from a hazard B.) These changes, called cytopathic effects, can change cell functions or even destroy the cell. c. matrix protein - caused by a fungus that thrives in cool, moist caves where bats hibernate a. prokaryotic and plant a. - For most people, a 1 in 100,000 chance of dying from some risk factor is often a threshold for changing what they do. a. is the site where lipids destined for other cellular compartments are manufactured. Exposure to radiation during an x-ray for a broken foot - Acute exposure Because sensory neurons express low levels of MHC class I molecules, they provide appropriate sites for viral dormancy. A) A disease is traditionally diagnosed and treated by a nurse. Rapid cell reproduction replaces damaged cells in tissues, but the more cells reproduce, the greater the chances are that they may become cancerous. Factor related to the organism - Immunological status at the time of exposure to the chemical. b. MHC class II chain b. anti-HIV antibodies are detectable in their blood serum d. lysosomes, The leaves of a plant typically have different tissue layers that function in different ways. The nuclear envelope consists of two concentric phospholipid bilayers while the plasma membrane is only one phospholipid bilayer. The bacterial phage lambda can infect some bacteria and O The envelope helps protect viruses exposed to heat and/or detergents. Factor related to the exposure - Dose and frequency of contact with the chemical (Use one word for your answer.). Which of the following statements accurately describes a difference between viruses and bacteria? Which of the following statements accurately describes the path of oxygenated blood? Which of the following help increase the selective permeability of a phospholipid bilayer membrane? 13-7 Genes encoding _____ rearrange in trypanosomes permitting replication and survival of the pathogen until the host produces an antibody response against the altered gene product. b. I would expect to find the photosynthetic enzymes associated with the plasma membrane of the bacteria. Q. One of the differences between bacteria and viruses is that : a. viruses are living and bacteria are non -living . You buy a bunch of small, round, red radishes at the grocery store; they are on sale because they have been sitting in the produce aisle for a while. However, that does not imply that low doses of any toxin is good for health. Explain. This is an example of b. the virus is able to transform into a host cell. c. variable surface glycoprotein (VSG) - educating women. Of the many factors that determine whether a particular chemical will prove to be dangerous, which of the following are based on the nature of the chemical agent itself? - Pesticide residues are not necessarily harmful, for a substance produces a harmful effect only if it reaches within the body in a high enough dose. Neurotoxins are poisons that affect us by ______. 13-23 Which of the following pairs is mismatched? - spreading worldwide. d. Listeria monocytogenes 13-29 Severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) describes a condition in which neither _____ nor _____ are functional. The following data are taken from measurements on Indian Fork Creek: A=26m2A=26 \mathrm{m}^{2}A=26m2, P = 16 m, and S0=0.02m/62mS_{0}=0.02 \mathrm{m} / 62 \mathrm{m}S0=0.02m/62m. True or false: Wind turbine syndrome is considered a psychogenic condition because people who are opposed to wind turbines often claim that noise and shadow flicker caused by moving turbines make them sick even though there is no medical evidence for cause and effect. anti-HIV antibodies are detectable in their blood serum. b. hydrophilic; hydrophobic; They line up hydrophobic tails facing each other at the center line of the membrane with the hydrophilic heads facing outward, away from the center line of the membrane. (Use only one word per blank.). They readily mix with the hydrophobic tails forming the core of the phospholipid bilayer. Which of the following would be likely to move through a plasma membrane by simple diffusion? - DALYs are a more complete measure combining premature deaths and the loss of a healthy life resulting from mental illness or physical disability a) It uses viral RNA as a template for DNA synthesis. Which of the following statements most accurately describes a selectively permeable membrane? 13-37 An epidemic affects _____, whereas a pandemic affects _____. Viral genomes consist of what type of nucleic acid molecules? triggering a response in our immune systems, foreign materials that stimulate the production of specific antibodies. c. a specialized membrane-bound vesicle; infection of the cell e. Extracellular bacterial infections are common in deficiency syndromes with T-cell defects. f. It is able to render target cells responsive even if they express only one functional allele of IFNR1. d. palisade mesophyll, Which of the following would be the best analogy for the function of the Golgi apparatus? Match each type of substance to its characteristic. Find the general solution of the given system. 13-53 Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), a condition resulting in chronic bacterial and fungal infections, is caused by one or more defects in _____, compromising the ability of macrophages to _____. b) retroviruses Adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) are the ________ building blocks for DNA; they are organized in different combinations to code for all of the proteins needed to accomplish everything the cell does. d) I, Which of the following characteristics is the largest contributor to determining a virus's host range? e Some viruses have an external membrane envelope. Determine the intensity level of the infrasound 10 km from the source, assuming the sound energy radiates uniformly in all directions. 13-25 Deficiencies in complement components C5-C9 and properdin (factor P) are associated with _____. d. Typically just a piece of genetic material encased in proteins, viruses are small, non-cellular infectious agents that are only capable of reproducing when inside a living cell such as those of plants, animals, fungi, protozoans, or bacteria. e. thymic development. II. Cells naturally, without using energy, respond to changes in water concentration through the process of b) They can be controlled by the use of antibiotics. Large molecules are always excluded from crossing the membrane. a. lymphocytes and platelets b. b. polysaccharides, large protein molecules, low-density lipoprotein particles The measles virus causes pancreas and liver infections. b. C3 b. sorts proteins and lipids and sends them to their final destination. a) bacteriophages c) re-infection by a closely related herpesvirus of a different strain c. bacteria and yeast e. protease. Can you add thermal energy to an object without increasing its temperature? POPs, or ______________ _____________ ______________, are dangerous because they don't degrade quickly and cells readily take them up. a. DNA-dependent DNA polymerase; HIV Asbestos exposure and smoking each increase lung cancer rates 20-fold. Editor's Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Question 33. Which of the following statements correctly describes one difference between green algae and land plants? a. they are recycled by endocytosis more quickly than the normal receptor Significantly more people have HBV (hepatitis) than HIV, but they are less likely to be treated for it. c. the use of other types of bacteria. - in the blood of nearly everyone in the United States. e. The capsular polysaccharide antigens of S. pneumoniae do not induce immunological memory. Which of the following statements correctly describes how factors related to the individual influence how she or he responds to toxins in the environment? A: The small microscopic organisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye are called microorganisms.. 0.04 ppm - Zooplankton Setting environmental health policy is challenging because ______. d) II. arXiv:2203.10869v2 [math.AP] 1 Mar 2023 Well-posedness for a diusion-reaction compartmental model simulating the spread of COVID-19 Ferdinando Auricchio( ) Match each of the potential toxins listed below to their most likely routes of exposure. Viruses contain DNA, so they are alive. The standard GNSS-IR model typically considers soil to be a single layer of medium and measures the average SMC between 1 and 10 cm below the soil surface. A. HIV is deadly, but doesn't target key cells in the immune system. the host cell is turned into a virus. - Our increasing ability to detect traces of a substance sometimes means that though we can detect it, the level may be too low to cause harm. Drowning The water will mostly move from side "A" to side "B" because the water concentration is higher on side "A.". e) Retroviruses. A mutation in the gene encoding the integrase enzyme (the protein that inserts the dsDNA into a host cell's DNA) renders the protein non-functional. a. susceptible individuals; immune individuals d. immune evasion A. About Us: If your goal is to build a career that makes a difference, consider joining the dedicated people of the Colorado Department of Human Services(CDHS). developing countries where many people cannot afford adequate health care or to live in a healthy environment. a) Double-stranded DNA viruses d. the proteasome cannot generate viral peptides for presentation by MHC class I molecules. Prokaryotic cells must also carry out respiration but do not have mitochondria. How can a single sheet of Polaroid film be used to show that the sky is partially polarized? One important way to control the spread of viruses is through a. the use of vaccines. c. the garbage truck that hauls away the wastes produced as a product is made Dog bites and bee, wasp, or hornet stings - These have risks between 1 in 46,562 to 1 in 115,111. X=(112110101)X\mathbf{X}^{\prime}=\left(\begin{array}{rrr}{1} & {-1} & {2} \\ {-1} & {1} & {0} \\ {-1} & {0} & {1}\end{array}\right) \mathbf{X} Which cell that was viewed is most likely a prokaryote. d. pinocytosis. d. they cause less severe immunodeficiency than do the homozygous recessive forms b. NADPH oxidase; produce superoxide radical (-) d. hereditary angioedema A virus is made up of a DNA or RNA genome inside a protein shell called a capsid. Rank the stages in biomagnification of DDT, putting the earliest stage on top. It has not been previously known or has been absent for at least 20 years. c. Bruton's tyrosine kinase Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference between the way bacteria cause diseases and the way that viruses cause diseases? True or false: According to the World Health Organization (WHO) definition of health, we are all ill to some extent. a. Solutes are never able to cross the membrane. 13-19 Which of these characteristics is not true of IFN-? - The dose makes the poison. 0.003 ppb - DDT in water 13-16 All of the following are associated with superantigens except _____. Match each of the following factors to how it influences whether a particular chemical will prove to be dangerous. d. The RBCs were hypertonic to the saline; this resulted in water osmosing through the RBC plasma membrane mostly into the cells. Your friend says you should refrigerate them in a bowl of water overnight. 6 Tco 1 Which Statement Best Describes A Capitalist. d. completely permeable, Which of the following would be likely to require facilitated diffusion to move across the plasma membrane? The radish cells were hypertonic to the water in which they were soaking. Collection, integration, and effective use of clinical data for this purpose presents a variety of specific challenges. c. They must make sure the results were not an accident and that they are repeatable. a. Chemicals are generally divided into oil-soluble and water-soluble types. - improved sanitation d. factor D Which of the following statements about viruses is false? 6. The solution level on the left side of the figure would rise while the solution level on the right side of the figure would decrease. Many important cellular functions in eukaryotic cells occur within membrane-enclosed organelles, such as cellular respiration occurring within the mitochondria. A. Oxygenated blood is taken to the heart, from the lungs into the left atrium via the pulmonary arteries B. Oxygenated blood is taken to the heart, from the lungs into the right atrium via the pulmonary veins Which of these is not a consideration of toxicology? e. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk). a. channel proteins c. processing to peptides is not required for T-cell activation a. I. 13-30 Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome involves an impairment of _____. Multiple Choice Q10 Which viruses have single-stranded RNA that acts as a template for DNA synthesis? Which of these best describes a virus? System management program c. Utility program d. Encryption. Urban flooding has become one of the most common natural hazards threatening people's lives and assets globally due to climate change and rapid urbanization. d. creates energy by converting ribosomes to proteins. - Our focus on reducing pollution to protect human health has neglected risks to natural ecological systems that may be of greater ultimate importance. The mosquito becomes infected when it feeds on the blood of a person infected with the virus. Correct Response possibility of suffering harm or loss resulting from a given action, process of estimating the threat a particular hazard poses to human health. - Though cells have repair mechanisms to restore damaged DNA, there is no safe threshold for exposure to mutagens as the repair process may be flawed. Match the following causes of death with the lifetime chance of dying that way in the United States. b. They capture energy from sunlight. The radish cells were hypertonic to the water in which they were soaking. The students placed an X for each structure that was viewed for each cell on the table shown. What do viruses need to reproduce? e. cytokine and cytokine receptor production. B. 13-66 Which statement regarding retrovirus proviruses is false? If each sugar molecule represents a percentage point of sugar dissolved in the solution, what change would you expect to see in the solution level over time and why? b) They can be spread via the plasmodesmata. d. massive production of IL-2, IFN-, and TNF- 13-42 Epstein-Barr virus infects and establishes latency in _____, gaining entry by binding to _____. - LD50 is the dose of the toxin that is lethal to half the population. An experiment mixed together oil (lipids), organophosphate-containing detergent in water, and copper ions to act as a catalyst for a chemical reaction. This cell is weighed and then placed in a beaker of 3 percent iodine dissolved in water. a) co-infection with an unrelated virus that causes the same symptoms c. They stimulate between 2% and 20% of the total T-cell population. a. leukocyte adhesion deficiency d) whether the genome of the virus is DNA or RNA, a) the proteins on the viral surface and that of the host cell membrane, Antiviral drugs that have become useful are usually associated with which of the following properties? d. phagocytosis. What characteristics define an emergent disease? 13-56 Bare lymphocyte syndrome leading to a lack of HLA class II molecule expression is due to a defect in _____. d. Women are more likely than men to inherit X-linked immunodeficiencies. Over time, the students sitting in the far corner of the room would smell the perfume. 13-14 Epstein-Barr virus-infected cells are poor targets for CD8 T-cell killing because _____. answer choices they need genetic material They need a host cell They need bacteria They need insulin * A. Which of the statements below accurately captures the relationship between toxicity and potency?

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