. COVID-19 hasn't increased annual U.S. death rates. Br J Anaesth 1963; 35:2509, Harrison GG: Death attributable to anaesthesia: A 10-year survey, 19671976. For some people,anesthesiais one of the scariest parts of surgery. . Technology has made it possible to meet production pressures of the commercial airline industry by allowing more takeoffs and landings with less separation between aircraft. Perioperative morbidity and mortality related to anesthesia involves multiple factors. Death, in rare situations. Anesthesiology, V 123, No 6, Dec 2015, 1312-1321) showed the following: Anesthesia is safer than it has ever been, but risk factors such as emergencies, very young or old patients, or sicker patients, do increase the risk. Latest posts by THE ANESTHESIA CONSULTANT. LANDING THE ANESTHESIA PLANE: WHEN SHOULD YOU EXTUBATE THE TRACHEA? Hi there. Top 10 Countries with the Highest Death Rates (per 1,000 people) United Nations 2015-2020: Bulgaria 15.4 Ukraine 15.2 Latvia 14.6 Lesotho 14.3 Lithuania 13.6 Serbia 13.2 Croatia 13.1 Romania 13.0 Georgia 12.8 Russia 12.7 1. In previous studies,6,18anesthesia-related deaths were usually divided into two groups based on clinical judgment: deaths caused primarily by anesthesia and deaths in which anesthesia played a partial role. General anesthesia makes you unconscious (asleep) during invasive surgical procedures. The lack of a comprehensive data system monitoring anesthesia exposure is a problem that has hindered research efforts in the United States and other countries for many years. The risk of dying in the operating theatre under anaesthetic is extremely small. Report of the Committee convened under the auspices of the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists. This study aimed to identify and evaluate the perioperative risk factors that lead to blood transfusion in frail . Age-adjusted death rates Leading causes of death Sex Age Years 2010-2021: Detailed views of single-year mortality data: Number of deaths. What Personal Characteristics are Necessary to Become a Successful Anesthesiologist? Anesthesiologists have an important role in the anesthesia management in patients with COVID-19 utilization and require airway management. ANESTHESIOLOGISTS? WAS JUSTICE ANTONIN SCALIAS DEATH FROM OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA? especially in British Columbia where 1,716 deaths were reported in 2020 and 1,782 from January to October . HERBAL MEDICINES, SURGERY, AND ANESTHESIA. Sometimes IV sedation and analgesics will be combined with other types of pain control such as local anesthesia, which involves one . A Spanish study 1 evaluated over 2,000 dogs that underwent anesthesia. Bulgaria Bulgaria has the highest mortality rate in the world at 15.4 deaths per 1,000 people. Richard Novak, MD is a Stanford physician board certified in anesthesiology and internal medicine.Dr. my baby who is 18 months she is having tubes in her ears and an abr test. Do you wonder about the risks? The answer to your question depends on many things, such as the actual surgical procedure, your age, weight, and health history, and whether you are having an anesthesia professional attend to you or not. Are You a Candidate for Minimally Invasive Heart Surgery? Hi! Although previous research has shown a high reliability of the multiple-cause-of-death data for some diseases (such as cancer and external causes),40their sensitivity and specificity for detecting anesthesia-related deaths have not been rigorously examined. Most likely it had no lasting effect. Eleven studies including 719,273 anesthetic procedures, 962 perioperative CAs, 134 anesthesia-related CAs, 1,239 perioperative deaths and 29 anesthesia-related deaths were included. ARE DOCTORS THE CULPRITS IN THE RISING COST OF HEALTHCARE? Crude death rates. SUCCINYLCHOLINE: VITAL DRUG OR OBSOLETE DINOSAUR? Chart and table of the World death rate from 1950 to 2023. What are my chances of not waking up? Methods of evaluating anesthetic mortality are inexact and controversial. . Anesthesia for you for this procedure is approximately as safe as you taking a commercial airline trip in the United States. WHAT IF THE TRACHEAL TUBE FALLS OUT WHEN THE ANESTHESIOLOGIST AND THE ANESTHESIA MACHINE ARE AT THE PATIENTS FEET? The death rate varied with age (fig. ADVICE FOR LAYPEOPLE: HOW TO MAKE YOUR ANESTHETIC SAFER, ADVICE FOR PASSING ANESTHESIA ORAL BOARD EXAMS, ANESTHESIA EXPERT WITNESS CONSULTATION RICHARD NOVAK, MD, ANESTHESIA FACTS FOR NON-MEDICAL PEOPLE: ANESTHESIA MEDICATIONS. During wisdom teeth surgery, the oral surgeon injects local anesthesia which contains adrenaline (epinephrine), and this can cause immediate and temporary heart rhythm problems. Policy. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1992, National Center for Health Statistics: Instructions for Classifying the Underlying Cause-of-Death, ICD-10. It is not intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. In comparison, 2,854,838 people died in 2019, meaning at least 572,000 more people died in 2020 than 2019 according to preliminary estimates. Will I Have a Breathing Tube During Anesthesia? THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A PHYSICIAN ANESTHESIOLOGIST AND A NURSE ANESTHETIST, THE TOP 20 DOCTORS IN THE HISTORY OF ANESTHESIA. I am not heavy in weight. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. Age group and county, 1998-2020; Manner of death and county, 1998-2020; Medical Examiner cases, 2006-2020; COVID-19 information: Should You Cancel Surgery For a Blood Pressure = 178/108? 8-YEAR-OLD CONGOESE BOY DIES FROM ANESTHESIA. HOW COMMON ARE CARDIAC ARRESTS DURING SURGERY AND ANESTHESIA? The details of the causes of mortality are presented in Table 2. Approximately 11% of these deaths were caused primarily by anesthesia/anesthetics. Dr. Novak is an Adjunct Clinical Professor in the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine at Stanford University, the Medical Director at Waverley Surgery Center in Palo Alto, California, and a member of the Associated Anesthesiologists Medical Group in Palo Alto, California. You will almost certainly wake up! The risk of death from oral anesthesia is estimated at three deaths per every one million cases. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1995; 39:2627, Anderson R: Quality of Death Certificate Data, Medicolegal Death Investigation System: Workshop Summary. This is a curious question. Projections 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000 Deaths per 1000 People 7.711 NOW WHAT? doc does not do endoscopy on patients in their 80s, with the exception of a bleed. Anesthesia-related complications decreased by more than half in four years, according to the Anesthesia Quality Institute's (AQI) National Anesthesia Clinical Outcomes Registry (NACOR) of more than 3.2 million anesthesia cases. The Committee cited anesthesia mortality rates that decreased from 1 death per 5,000 anesthetics administered during the 1980s, to 1 death per 200,000-300,000 anesthetics administered in 1999. Can Anaesth Soc J 1967; 14:197204, Clifton BS, Hotten WIT: Deaths associated with anaesthesia. The year 2020 has been abnormal for mortalities. ( Wais Vogelstein Forman, 2014) Although some medical malpractice cases involve minor injuries, 80% of cases are related to severe patient injuries or deaths. . All Rights Reserved. General anesthesia (GA) is the state produced when a patient receives medications to produce amnesia and analgesia with or without reversible muscle paralysis. You will have significant pain postoperatively, which is universal after this surgery. MONITORING THE LEVEL OF PARALYSIS DURING SURGERY: DO YOU NEED A PERIPHERAL NERVE STIMULATOR? A direct correlation was found between the patients' ASA score and the death rate: 0.3 percent of fatalities involved ASA 1 and 2 scores. DAMAR HAMLIN AND THE DOCTORS ON AN NFL SIDELINE, Five percent of all surgical patients die, a study of mortality in surgical cases from 2010 to 2014, Advances Bring Quality to Anesthesia Safety, 10 TRENDS FOR THE FUTURE OF ANESTHESIOLOGY | Theanesthesiaconsultant Blog, Anesthesia Advances to One of the Safest Modalities in Medicine, FIVE MINUTES . He would have to be a passenger. I am now 18, are there any tests that can be performed to determine if I am also allergic to succ? When mortality is defined as any patient whodies within 48 hours following surgery, the statistics are much different. Please would like to hear your ideas. ANESTHESIA FACTS FOR LAYPEOPLE: CHILDBIRTH, CARDIAC SURGERY, AND BRAIN SURGERY, FACTS FOR LAYPEOPLE: DRUGS ANESTHESIOLOGISTS ADMINISTER. Detailed Description: Ann Surg 1954; 140:234, Schapira M, Kepes ER, Hurwitt ES: An analysis of deaths in the operating room and within 24 hours of surgery. my husband is worried I wont wake up, my surgery will be performed at a hospital. You will receive pain relievers IV to reduce the pain. **The anesthesia safety indicators developed in this study need to be validated when ICD-10 Clinical Modificationcoded health care utilization data become available. A few patients, particularly elderly patients having longer surgeries, may exhibit memory problems, difficulty multitasking, or learning new things. Deaths in 2020: 696,962 Percentage of total deaths: 20.6% The leading cause of death in 2020 was heart disease, which includes several conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels. The highest death rates were found in persons aged 85 yr and older. Table 2. WHAT WENT WRONG? However, cumulative deep hypnotic time and intraoperative hypotension were also significant, independent predictors of increased mortality. . Through this site and linkages to other sites, The Anesthesia Consultant provides general information for educational purposes only. . Of the 2,211 anesthesia-related deaths, 867 died in hospitals, 348 died in ambulatory care settings as outpatients, 46 died on arrival, 258 died at homes, 44 died in hospice facilities, 315 died at nursing homes or long-term care facilities, 327 died in other places, and for 6, the place of death was unknown. In the 1960s and 1970s, it wasnt uncommon to have a death related toanesthesiain every one in 10,000 or 20,000 patients, he says. Finally, we based our estimates of death rates on population data and mortality risk on hospital surgical discharges. Despite methodology differences, most studies published in the last decade 3,5,10,13,25-27 and from 2010 to present 11,28 have reported anesthesia-related mortality rates in surgical patients of <1.0 per 10,000 anesthetics (from 0.0 to 0.95 per 10,000 anesthetics), which represents a 2- or 3-fold improvement compared with studies performed in the Death during the first year after surgery is primarily associated with the natural history of preexisting conditions. Typically, the patients blood pressure and heart rate would go up before they would regain awareness. 2). A QUESTION ABOUT REOPENING SURGERY. Associated Anesthesiologists Medical Group. Alcohol, Rx diversion, illicit relationships. . We said: Our data uses the information supplied when a death is registered. So we monitor thosevital signsto guide the amount of anesthetic that we use, explains Dr. Troianos. Melbourne, Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists, 2006, Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists, Kawashima Y, Takahashi S, Suzuki M, Morita K, Irita K, Iwao Y, Seo N, Tsuzaki K, Dohi S, Kobayashi T, Goto Y, Suzuki G, Fujii A, Suzuki H, Yokoyama K, Kugimiya T: Anesthesia-related mortality and morbidity over a 5-year period in 2,363,038 patients in Japan. In the over-65 age group, it's one in 10. National death rates are computed per 100,000 population. 1). The authors thank Lois Fingerhut, M.A., Diane Makuc, Dr.P.H., and Jennifer Madans, Ph.D. (National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, Maryland), for helpful comment on a previous version of the manuscript. LEARJET ANESTHESIA THE EARLY DAYS OF HEART TRANSPLANTATION. The risks should be low, if your child is healthy and a well-trained and experienced person does the anesthesia care. With the rapid growth of clinical anesthesia services, considering methods for ongoing national surveillance for anesthesia exposure and outcomes is imperative. THE RESCUE: UNDERWATER ANESTHETICS EXPLAINED, PHYSICIAN TRAINING: TWO FORKS IN THE ROAD, CARDIAC ARREST DURING A PEDIATRIC TONSILLECTOMY, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE OPERATING ROOM . We grouped the identified ICD-10 codes into four categories: (1) complications of anesthesia during pregnancy, labor, and puerperium; (2) overdose of anesthetics (exclusive of abuse of these substances); (3) adverse effects of anesthetics in therapeutic use; and (4) other complications of anesthesia in surgical and medical care (table 1). Males had higher death rates than females throughout the life span, and the gap between sexes was especially pronounced in young and middle-age adults (fig. [1], featuring a hypothetical case scenario of a child death attributed to sedation, is not a true representation of the sedations performed many times daily in this country safely and according to guidelines jointly supported by the American Academies of . The anesthetic was in glass bottles, and the staff cleaned those glass bottles in an alcohol-based solution, he says. (Harvard Health, 2019) New York leads the nation in medical malpractice payouts. Since the first release of the patient safety indicators in 2001, a number of studies have assessed the utility of the individual indicators and in different patient groups.3034As a screening tool for identifying potential patient safety problems at the hospital level, patient safety indicators are found to be clinically relevant, effective, and efficient. The shortage of physician anesthesiologists has led to task-shifting to nurses and technicians as the most feasible workforce alternative in many LMICs ( Hoyler and others 2014 ; Rosseel and others 2010 ). HOW DOES THE ANESTHESIOLOGIST DECIDE WHAT DOSE OF ANESTHETIC TO GIVE A PATIENT? It says the average death rate is 0.8%, though from 2017 to 2019 the death rate is listed as 0.9%. General anesthesia is a medicine that is administered intravenously (IV) or through a tube or mask. There are risks to sedation for an upper GI endoscopy, but the risks are less than that of general anesthesia for a surgical procedure. Over 30% of physicians end up paying $10,000+ in medical malpractice insurance. Therefore the information on this website or on the linked websites should not be considered current, complete or exhaustive, nor should you rely on such information to recommend a course of treatment for you or any other individual. Intramedullary nailing (IMN) is one of the most frequently used ortho-pedic treatments for eFNF. Your opinion is greatly appreciated! Intravenous (IV) monitored sedation is also known as conscious sedation, twilight sedation or monitoredanesthesiacare (MAC). TO AVOID ANOXIC BRAIN INJURY | The anesthesia consultant, 10 Moments In The History Of Anesthesia Everything Viral, 10 Moments In The History Of Anesthesia | Real Top 10 | Top Most News and Stories 2018 Around The World, 10 Moments In The History Of Anesthesia | Top 10, 10 Moments In The History Of Anesthesia - TOP 10 LISTING INFO, 10 Moments In The History Of Anesthesia Listverse | | Dhananjay Parkhe "Jay", AUTISM AND ANESTHESIA - The anesthesia consultant, HOW DO YOU START A PEDIATRIC ANESTHETIC WITHOUT A SECOND ANESTHESIOLOGIST? The results of our study suggest that the United States has experienced a 97% decrease in anesthesia-related death rates since the late 1940s and the mortality risk from complications and adverse events of anesthesia/anesthetics for surgical inpatients is similar to the reports from other countries, at approximately 1 in 100,000. Intravenous fentanyl is often used for anesthesia and as an analgesic. "In the 1960s and 1970s, it wasn't uncommon to have a death related to anesthesia in every one in 10,000 or 20,000 patients," he says. Policy. However, looking at a large study that reviewed nearly 2.9 million people that had general anesthesia, the death rate was around 33 per 100,000 people, or equivalent to 3.3 in 10,000. That dropped to 34 people per million in the 1990s and 2000s. Was this the case? DO YOU NEED AN ANESTHESIOLOGIST FOR ENDOSCOPY OF YOUR ESOPHAGUS, STOMACH, AND UPPER GASTROENTEROLOGIC TRACT? During the 7-yr study period, there were a total of 2,211 anesthesia-related deaths. WILL YOU HAVE AN ANESTHESIOLOGIST FOR YOUR WISDOM TEETH EXTRACTION SURGERY? Is this a common dose amount ? hello Anesthesia side effects: Common side effects of general anesthesia are: nausea and vomiting. Does this sound like a safe procedure for me? Prior to 1970, 357 people per million surgeries died from receiving anesthetic, according to the study. My 6 year old is needing to be put to sleep to have 3 teeth pulled do k a abses, we have been fighting with for over a year. . Its mainly used for shorter, less complex surgeries like colonoscopies, biopsies, eye and foot procedures. However, this conclusion that anesthesia mortality has plummeted is not universal. WHY DOES ANYONE DECIDE THEY WANT TO BECOME AN ANESTHESIOLOGIST? Can Anaesth Soc J 1986; 33:33644, Arbous MS, Grobbee DE, van Kleef JW, de Lange JJ, Spoormans HH, Touw P, Werner FM, Meursing AEE: Mortality associated with anaesthesia: A qualitative analysis to identify risk factors. It also serves as the basis for international comparison of health statistics. J Urol 2000; 163:51923, A Tool to Screen Patients for Obstructive Sleep Apnea, ACE (Anesthesiology Continuing Education), https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e31819b5bdc, 2023 American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for Preoperative Fasting: Carbohydrate-containing Clear Liquids with or without Protein, Chewing Gum, and Pediatric Fasting DurationA Modular Update of the 2017 American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for Preoperative Fasting, 2023 American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for Monitoring and Antagonism of Neuromuscular Blockade: A Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Neuromuscular Blockade, 2022 American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for Management of the Difficult Airway, Temporal Trends in the Epidemiology of Severe Postoperative Sepsis after Elective Surgery: A Large, Nationwide Sample, Characterizing the Epidemiology of Postoperative Transfusion-related Acute Lung Injury, Acquired Muscle Weakness in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit: Nosology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Prevention, Characterizing the Epidemiology of Perioperative Transfusion-associated Circulatory Overload, Mortality Associated with Implantation and Management of Intrathecal Opioid Drug Infusion Systems to Treat Noncancer Pain, Copyright 2023 American Society of Anesthesiologists. The U.S. death rate in 2020 was the highest above normal since the early 1900s even surpassing the calamity of the 1918 flu pandemic. Rockville, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2008, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Health Related Problems, 10th revision. THE NEW 2023 ASA GUIDELINES FOR QUANTITATIVE NEUROMUSCULAR MONITORING. Lagasse wrote, We must dispel the myth that anesthesia-related mortality has improved by an order of magnitude. . The anesthesia base units are unchanged for CY 2020. If the surgeon and anesthesiologist who are caring for you advise general anesthesia, they will probably have a sound medical reason for that recommendation. HOW TO MAKE A BILLION DOLLARS IN HEALTHCARE, ROBOT SURGERY . THE ACHILLES HEEL OF ANESTHESIOLOGY WHAT IS THE GREATEST THREAT TO OUR SPECIALTY? . Hyperkalemic cardiac arrest can occur in healthy-appearing individuals who have been given succ if that individual has an undiagnosed muscular dystrophy. GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GERD) AND ANESTHESIA AIRWAY MANAGEMENT, PRODUCTION PRESSURE IN THE OPERATING ROOM. SHOULD PHYSICIANS BE TESTED FOR DRUGS AND ALCOHOL? 1. The costs of training vary, and the effectiveness of training in anesthesia is likely to be revealed by the anesthesia-related mortality rates. . Is this a safe surgery for her? 9 In addition, cosmetic surgeries performed in a hospital, ambulatory surgery center, or office-based FENTANYL AND THE OPIOID CRISIS: AN ANESTHESIOLOGISTS PERSPECTIVE. Table 1. International Classification of Diseases,10th Revision Codes for Anesthesia-related Conditions. What are Death Rates? "Now it's more like one in every 200,000 patients it's very rare." However, cumulative deep hypnotic time and intraoperative hypotension were also significant, independent predictors of increased mortality. A CAUTIONARY TALE, LOOKING FOR A NEW ANESTHESIA JOB? Background: Extracapsular femoral neck fractures (eFNF) are the third most common type of fracture in traumatology. From 2019 to 2020, the estimated age-adjusted death rate increased by 15.9%, from 715.2 to 828.7 deaths per 100,000 population. The Anesthesia Consultant is not liable or responsible for any advice, course of treatment, diagnosis or any other information, services or product you obtain through this site. CAN WE PREVENT AGITATION IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS FOLLOWING ANESTHESIA? Along this pandemic, the hospital will treat non-emergent conditions in COVID-19 patients require nonemergent surgery. If propofol is used, an anesthesiologist or nurse anesthetist must be employed to safely administer the propofol. Deaths solely due to. What Are the Common Anesthesia Medications? i am getting anesthesia on Friday and i am really worried i wont wake up! We do not routinely measure rocuronium blood concentrations. The new finding in this 2015 publication was that surgeries which began late in the day or night (after 4 p.m. until 6:59 a.m.) had increased mortality. Minor soreness at the injection site (for local or regionalanesthesia). A PREOPERATIVE ANESTHESIA CLINIC: DO YOU NEED ONE? Results From a total of 921 patients, 539 (58.5%) were male and 382 (41.5%) female patients. A SPLENDID AND TIMELY NOVEL, THE FIRST CHAPTER OF DOCTOR VITA BY RICK NOVAK. Especially, at her advanced age. While optimization of patient comorbidities is not always possible, having data regarding those comorbidities can prove life-saving. The death rate remained at three deaths per 10,000 surgeries/procedures involving anesthesia. It is performed by an anesthesiologist or nurse anesthetist, a specially trained doctor or. DO YOU NEED AN ANESTHESIOLOGIST FOR A COLONOSCOPY? The Anesthesia Consultant website no control over and accept no responsibility for such materials. The infant will usually have a mask induction with sevoflurane, after which an IV is placed. This was followed by a slight increase in 2020, with 16,416 reported deaths. I usually do this anesthetic with propofol and a laryngeal mask airway tube. It helps make sure the breathing tube used for generalanesthesiagoes into the trachea (windpipe) and not the esophagus something that was more difficult to determine in the past. You are young and healthy, and your anesthesia risks are close to zero, statistically about as safe as taking a commercial airline flight. Lagasse presented data on surgical mortality from two academic New York hospitals between the years 1992 and 1999. . According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the pregnancy-related mortality ratios vary . The estimated mortality risk from anesthesia complications for inpatients was 8.2 (867/105.7 [95% confidence interval, 7.49.0]) deaths per million hospital surgical discharges (11.7 [95% confidence interval, 10.313.1] for men and 6.2 [95% confidence interval 5.57.0] for women). Download Historical Data Save as Image From: To: Zoom: Current Historical U.N. I am currently 25 and concerned that this is way to many times Can this lead to complications since i have had it done to many times. Of the 241 deaths with anesthesia/anesthetics as the underlying cause of death, 79.7% resulted from adverse effects of anesthetics in therapeutic use; 19.1% resulted from anesthesia complications during pregnancy, labor, and puerperium; and 1.2% resulted from wrongly placed endotracheal tubes. Her gastroenterologist will not discuss the anesthesia risks. Corneal abrasions and dental injury. Anesthesia mortality In November 2017, the combined rolling 10,000 anesthesia mortality rates of dogs and cats across all Banfield hospitals (calculated as Roll 10K) was 7.4 per 10,000 procedures (0.074%, 6.8-7.9). The man would not be driving a car after an anesthetic. THE DOCTOR AND MR. DYLAN HITS #1 BESTSELLING ANESTHESIA BOOK IN THE WORLD AT AMAZON.COM. Melbourne, Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists, 2002, Lagoe RJ, Milliren JH: Changes in ambulatory surgery utilization 1983-88: A community-based analysis. A VIEW FROM THE ANESTHESIOLOGY COCKPIT, ANESTHESIOLOGISTS, DONT BE AFRAID TO CUT INTO A PATIENTS NECK, EXTUBATION IS RISKY BUSINESS. Out-of-Network Surgery Centers and the Anesthesiologist, EMERGENCY AIRWAY BLEEDING AFTER SLEEP APNEA SURGERY, NEGATIVE PRESSURE PULMONARY EDEMA IN A FREESTANDING SURGERY CENTER, WHEN THE ER CALLS YOU ABOUT A RUPTURED AORTIC ANEURYSM, SMART PHONES AND PEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA INDUCTION, CHALLENGES FOR THE NEXT 25 YEARS OF ANESTHESIA, STOP-BANG AND OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA IN A FREESTANDING SURGERY CENTER, HYPERTHERMIA IN A 7-YEAR-OLD PATIENT DURING EAR SURGERY. As part of our effort to close this research gap, we developed four anesthesia safety indicators based on the latest version of the ICD.

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