Radiologic Findings. Interpret Your Bone Density Scan Results. Bone density loss in astronauts on long-duration missions has been a major medical concern. Furthermore, your risk factors are just as important as your T-score and may lead to better predictions of bone disease. T-scores are not used (to my knowledge) in any other aspect of clinical medicine, and for 20 years they have caused trouble and confusion. Telephone: 800-624-BONE | Fax: 202-293-2356 | Email: [email protected], Bone Mass Measurement: What the Numbers Mean, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Spanish-Language Publications (en espaol), https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/bone-health, World Health Organization definitions based on bone density levels, https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Surgeon Generals Report on Bone Health and Osteoporosis, Surgeon Generals Report: What It Means to You, Informe del Cirujano General Sobre la Salud de los Heusos y Osteoporosis: Lo Que Significa Para Usted, Surgeon Generals Report: What It Means to You (). But to get the most out of your tomato plants, its important to understand the basics of planting and caring for them. . Although both scores can be useful, most experts prefer using Z-scores for children, teenagers, premenopausal females, and younger males. From NE Ohio to North Central Mississippi, everyone has their own ideas and preferences for what they will plant this year. To better understand the current health of your bones, you should multiply your T-score by 10 percent (as shown in the bone density results chart below). . Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic Press. Osteoporosis overview. Bone density tests differ from bone scans. Accessed Nov. 25, 2020. It is painless a bit like having an x-ray. determined that DXA is a precise tool for measuring bone mineral density (BMD, g/cm 2) and . If someone thinks that they might be pregnant, they should tell the doctor, who will use other diagnostic methods. A. Dielectric properties of animal bone tissue . Using statistical models, they calculate the risk of fracture for each standard deviation below the mean for the age, race and gender. The bone density test is painless and quick. 3, Fig. The instruments used for these tests are called peripheral devices and are often used at health fairs. If the weight of a bone is held constant, then stiffness can be optimized by adopting a more rigid shape. A T-score between 1 and 2.5 indicates that you have low bone mass, although not low enough to be diagnosed with osteoporosis. Figure 2: Cattle and horse 1st molars (lower). The most apparent difference in these bones is the much larger muscle attachments at the proximal end of the horse femur compared to cattle (horses run faster than cattle!). Compared to most mammal bones, bird bones have more empty space inside and bat bones are thinner, but the bone material for both animals is actually denser than the bones of a similar-sized rodent. It's that time of year again when gardeners all over the world are planning what to grow in their gardens. A bone density test determines if you have osteoporosis a disorder characterized by bones that are more fragile and more likely to break. Figure 6: Sheep (top) and Pig (bottom) skulls. Bone density measurement is used in clinical medicine as an indirect indicator of . "Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "MayoClinic.org," "Mayo Clinic Healthy Living," and the triple-shield Mayo Clinic logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. The range of bone mineral density for the forearm is from 700 to 800 g/cm 2. Does Irrigating While Drilling Decrease Bone Damage? https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Examples are 0.9, 0 and -0.9. Tom Wagner's varieties of tomatoes have been a hit among gardeners for years. With 2 similar sized specimens..the one with the denser forearm bones will be able to deliver more force. The following table contains values for the density of all tissues, including statistical information on the standard deviation and the spread in the values. Antimicrobial Biomaterials for the Healing of Infected Bone Tissue: A Systematic Review of Microtomographic Data on Experimental Animal Models. Use the level of bone density (T-score . A DEXA scan is painless and only takes about 15 minutes to perform. Get your hands on the past. MeSH Cardiovascular health: Insomnia linked to greater risk of heart attack. In spring 2023, the information on this website will move to https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/bone-health. Those using Strontium Boost in addition to AlgaeCal Plus saw, on average, triple the bone density increases of the AlgaeCal-only group. T-scores reflect how bone density compares with that of a typical, young, healthy person, whereas Z-scores use the bone density of those with similar characteristics for comparison. We avoid using tertiary references. . This MNT. Last medically reviewed on January 14, 2022. However books can be extremely helpful. Distinguishing between human and animal bones whilst still on site is important for many reasons, not least of them legal (burial licences etc.). From Fort Vancouver Yellow Pear to Santa Anna, these, Gardening Tips for Growing Tomatoes | Everything You Need to Know, Gardening is an incredibly rewarding activity, and tomatoes are one of the most popular crops to grow. Low bone mass can be caused by many factors such as: Although not everyone who has low bone mass will develop osteoporosis, low bone mass is an important risk factor for osteoporosis fractures. Bone density tests are usually done on bones that are most likely to break because of osteoporosis, including: If you have your bone density test done at a hospital, it'll probably be done on a device where you lie on a padded platform while a mechanical arm passes over your body. 2, pp. Other bone density tests emit less or no radiation at all: a QCT scan, NTx urine test, or vitamin D test. Specific Weight and Specific Gravity - An introduction to density, specific weight and specific gravity. Decreased bone density is frequent; however, bone mass must be decreased by 30% before it can be detected radiographically. Recent research, however, supports that the body needs at least 1000 IU per day for good bone health, starting at age 5. Bone density refers to the ratio of weight to the volume or area of the bones. The site is secure. Bone density is the same as in others of the same age, sex, and body size. Studies on this subject have been made. Understanding bone density results. This content does not have an Arabic version. In general, based on bone density levels, a repeat bone mineral density measurement could be considered between two and 10 years later. Is the ketogenic diet right for autoimmune conditions? Many doctors admit that the DEXA T-score is not a perfect predictor for bone health or fracture risk. Low Bone density ( Osteopenia ): Between -1 and -2.5. This will give you a rough estimate of how much bone density has already been lost. Schmid, E. 1972 Atlas of Animal Bones. No living animal has an adamantium coated skeleton. Toll free: 800-624-BONE (2663) Headquartered in Norwalk, Conn., with editorial offices in Florida, Cleveland, Pittsburgh,Read More. This topic is discussed in greater detail in the section about BMD and fracture risk. You need to have a table of reference values showing the mean (average) and standard deviation (SD) for the age, gender, race, skeletal site, and densitometer measurement units. If you feel that any of our content is inaccurate, out-of-date, or otherwise questionable, please contact us through the feedback form on this page. It also could be due to smaller standard deviations in the young population. The lowest bone density and fracture stress values were found in the human samples; porcine and canine bone best resembled these samples. Old Ephraim. Healthcare professionals may provide DEXA scan results via T-scores and Z-scores. The bodies of some fish and other aquatic animals contain porous bones or air-filled swim bladders that decrease their average density and allow them to float in water without an expenditure . A T-score for bone density reflects how much your bone density is higher or lower than that of a healthy, 30-year-old adult. You simply lie on a flat padded table, the arm of the machine passes over your body and the scan takes . Accessed Nov. 25, 2020. They include: Doctors use Z-scores to diagnose osteoporosis in children, teenagers, premenopausal females, and younger males. Tucker et al. Differences between your BMD and that of the healthy young adult norm are measured in units called standard deviations (SDs). There is a medication called Forteo, a daily injection medicine that is a replica of the hormone, parathyroid hormone (PTH). No content on this site, regardless of date, should ever be used as a substitute for direct medical advice from your doctor or other qualified clinician. The T-score of the QCT, however, will be much lower than of DEXA. INTRODUCTION. The lower bone density test results, the lower your total bone density, indicating osteopenia or osteoporosis. A small, portable machine can measure bone density in the bones at the far ends of your skeleton, such as those in your finger, wrist or heel. Toll Free: 888-INFO-FDA (888-463-6332) Iron, zinc, and copper contribute significantly to human and animal metabolism when present in sufficient amounts, but their excess or shortage increases the risk of developing bone disorders. The more standard deviations below 0, indicated as negative numbers, the lower your BMD and the higher your risk of fracture. Initially, assessment of volumetric bone mineral density of the four long bone variants was achieved by performing quantitative micro-CT analysis (X Tec, XT H 225 ST, Nikon Metrology UK Ltd, Derby . Bone density is the same as in others . Buddhist nuns, vegan for up to 72 years, versus same age, same height, same weight, same exercise, omnivorous womenwho, because of their dairy consumption, ended up getting about twice as much calcium per day as the . For updates and for any questions about any medications you are taking, please contact, U.S. Food and Drug Administration Bone densitometry. Bone mineral density (BMD) tests. National Library of Medicine Morphological differences are also very apparent between sheep and pig scapulae, with the spine of the scapula in pigs being folded over and far more central to the blade than in sheep (see As one can see in Figure 4, cattle metacarpals are formed of two fused bones leaving a groove between the two. . Just as the percent change in the temperature of a room is the same whether you measured it in Fahenheit or centigrade. The test is most accurate for women of average stature, between 5 feet and 5 feet 10 inches tall. (The reference values are a little different from those above because this is for the femoral neck and not the total hip). Because the T-score and Z-score can be converted back and forth, you predict fractures equally with either one. The person will lie on their back on a padded table, either placing the legs out straight or resting them on a padded platform. Hairline fractures are small cracks in a bone that occur after stress is placed on the lower leg. Bone Density Chart: Understand Your Bone Density Testing Scores, Bone and Joint Conditions: Gout symptoms, osteoarthritis treatments, rheumatoid arthritis pain relief, and more, Mens Prostate Health: BPH, prostatitis and prostate cancer symptoms, screenings, treatment, and more, Panic Attack Symptoms and Anxiety Symptoms: How to deal with anxiety and how to relieve stress, Sleeping Disorders: Narcolepsy, sleep apnea test, snoring solutions, insomnia cures, and more, According to the US Preventative Services Task Force. "Veg-Table" Dietary Nitrate Scoring Method. Foods to Improve Athletic Performance and Recovery. Elderly white women have weak bones even if the bone density is average. Milk, cheese, yogurt, eggs, prunes, and sardines for calcium and vitamin D. Nut-based butters, or nuts, and milk for calcium and potassium. These minerals, primarily calcium and phosphorous, make up 65% of bone tissue and are what give bone its hardness and rigidity. National Osteoporosis Foundation. . Third Edition. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. Am J Sports Med. 1997 Oct;138(10):4330-7. doi: 10.1210/endo.138.10.5440. This provides an opportunity to reevaluate an individual's . The acronym stands for dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, and it measures bone density in the spine, hip, or wrist. A peripheral scan is simpler and only involves a small, portable machine. Large interspecies differences were observed in all analyses. 2022 Oct 18;13(4):193. doi: 10.3390/jfb13040193. https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=bone-scan. A score of -2.5 or less suggests that a person may have secondary osteoporosis, which does not result from aging. also reported a positive effect from beer drinking on bone density in their April 2009 article that analyzed data from the population-based Framingham Offspring cohort, which comprised 1,182 men, 1,289 postmenopausal, and 248 premenopausal women. Bone tissue composition: biochemical anatomy of bone. Z-scores can be used to compare a measurement to a reference value. The BHOF notes that Z-scores can be misleading because older adults commonly have low bone density. With bone loss, the outer shell of a bone becomes thinner and the interior becomes more porous. Other terms used for bone density are bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mass. Otherwise the T-score is always worse than the Z-score. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Jesse Paul Goff, in Large Animal Internal Medicine (Sixth Edition), 2020. Both analyses demonstrated large interspecies variations. A score of 0 means your BMD is equal to the norm for a healthy young adult. This mathematical term measures how close a number is to the average. What to know about reversing osteoporosis. Pigs have 4 metapodia all unfused compared to a single metapodial in sheep Single fused metapodial. Menstruating individuals have a higher risk of developing osteoporosis after. Identifying the full range of species that you could potentially find on an archaeological site requires access to a comparative collection and hours of study gaining experience with archaeological material. In order to determine your true osteoporosis risk factors, use our self-test here: Should I Be Worried About Bone Loss? The soft tissue is excluded and the ROI of bone alone is used for the evaluation (Fig. You still don't actually know what the fracture risk is unless you also know the risk of an average person, which depends on age, race, gender and other factors not related to the bone density. Instead, their increased bone density makes them strong and stiff so . These scores are helpful for diagnosing secondary osteoporosis, which stems from underlying medical conditions, rather than primary osteoporosis, which usually results from aging. Endocrinology. I agree with you 100% Bold and you are right. How Viagra became a new 'tool' for young men, Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction, Bone Health and Osteoporosis Foundation (BHOF), Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans, https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/dexa, https://www.bonehealthandosteoporosis.org/patients/diagnosis-information/bone-density-examtesting/, https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/bone-density-scan/, https://www.bones.nih.gov/health-info/bone/bone-health/bone-mass-measure, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC4919174/, https://americanbonehealth.org/bone-density/understanding-the-bone-density-t-score-and-z-score/. If doctors need to measure a persons bone density, they will likely use a DEXA scan. The more . 2 AMS Circle Figure 3: Cattle (left) and horse (right) femurs. Accessibility Bone density is an important indicator of how . T-scores compare bone density with that of a healthy person, whereas Z-scores use the average bone density of people of the same age, sex, and size as a comparator. This scan measures bone density at the hip and lower back. This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here. Fractures (Invokana) Fournier's gangrene. Shapes and sizes of most domestic breeds have changed considerably over time with the differences between modern and older breeds being often quite pronounced. A person who is average has a Z-score of zero and is at the 50th percentile. Introduction: Lately, the in vitro and in vivo studies on serotonin metabolism have been pointing its influence in bone health. The reference BMD depends on: For example, this "thermometer" shows the values measured by a Hologic densitometer at the total hip in a Caucasian woman from the NHANES study. The greater the negative number, the more severe the osteoporosis. Together, the data reported here suggest that interspecies differences are likely to be found in other clinical and experimental bone parameters and should therefore be considered when choosing an appropriate animal model for bone research. Fennel Seeds to Improve Athletic Performance. Identify decreases in bone density before you break a bone, Determine your risk of broken bones (fractures), The narrow neck of your thighbone (femur), next to your hip joint. 3 Decreased facial bone density along with fibrous proliferation is a consistent finding. The chart below lists single-product SGLT2 inhibitors. Another gardener is pla, Prevention and Management of Issues with Tomato Plants in Your Garden, Growing tomatoes in your garden can be a rewarding experience, but its important to be aware of the potential issues that can arise. Accessed Nov. 25, 2020. J Funct Biomater. low production of reproductive hormones, such as: tamoxifen (Nolvadex), a synthetic drug that treats breast cancer and infertility in females. combinations of bone density and shape. The most useful are listed below: Hillson, S. 2002 Mammal Bones and Teeth: An Introductory Guide to Methods of Identification. Be sure to tell your doctor beforehand if you've recently had a barium exam or had contrast material injected for a CT scan or nuclear medicine test. But clinically we want to know whether the test can discriminate between those of the same age who will or won't fracture. The different shape of the cusps on the pig tooth is immediately apparent and is very different from the W shaped profile of sheep teeth which look somewhat look like miniature cattle teeth. TTY: 202-466-4315 Cortical femoral bone samples were analyzed for their content of ash, collagen, extractable proteins, and insulin-like growth factor-I. In addition to obtaining your initial DEXA scan results, repeating the scan every two to five years is recommended, depending on your risk factors. Density is a measure of the amount of mass contained in a unit of volume.The general trend is that most gases are less dense than liquids, which are in turn less dense than solids, but there are numerous exceptions. Cattle and horse astralagi are also distinctive (see Figure 5). A BMD test measures your bone mineral density and compares it to that of an established norm or standard to give you a score. So if a person has a QCT measurement 1SD lower than average for age (ie, Z-score of -1) her risk of fracture is quite similar to a person with DEXA Z-score of -1. The research suggests that these bones only look like they would be lighter. Osteoporosis:If you are diagnosed with osteoporosis, these healthy habits will help, but your doctor will probably also recommend that you take medication. Overview of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Although osteoporosis is more common in older women, men also can develop the condition. Recipes for bone broth often include an acid-based product, such as vinegar or lemon juice. S OFTWARE FOR ANALYSIS of density of small animal bones using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is a recent development and has had little evaluation. Thats why its important to consider taking the other tests. Mayo Clinic is a not-for-profit organization. The following differences can help you make the correct identification: Whilst size can be a useful guide initially dont rely on it completely. Differences in metapodia are also a result of physiology. . Deichsel A, Raschke MJ, Herbst E, Peez C, Oeckenphler S, Briese T, Wermers J, Kittl C, Glasbrenner J. This guide will hopefully enable you to distinguish between human and animal bones and broadly distinguish between cattle, horse, sheep, pig and dog remains. Accessed Nov 25, 2020. Before Osteoporosis is a condition that increases a person's risk of fractures. Although no bone density test is 100-percent accurate, the BMD test is an important predictor of whether a person will have a fracture in the future. Remodeling or bone turnover is the process of resorption followed by replacement of bone with little change in shape, and occurs throughout a person's life, long beyond the initial development of bone. The information provided by a BMD test can help your doctor decide which prevention or treatment options are right for you. The truth is, one species does not have any advantage of bone density over another, when discussing the carnivora. Email: [email protected] Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW The Essential Diabetes Book - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW Ending the Opioid Crisis - Mayo Clinic Press, FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development, Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education, Book: Mayo Clinic Family Health Book, 5th Edition, Newsletter: Mayo Clinic Health Letter Digital Edition, Mayo Clinic Minute: What women should know about osteoporosis risk, Mayo Clinic Minute: Osteoporosis affects men, too. Distinguishing Human from Animal Bone - University of Arizona Should I Be Worried About Bone Loss? As one can see horse teeth are much squarer in profile and plan compared to cattle teeth with a radically different enamel fold pattern. Studies suggest that about 50 percent of women over the age of 50 will suffer a fracture related to bone loss. The fracture rates go up steeply with age, so any test that is closely related to age will be able to predict that an older person has more fractures than a young person. 2023 Feb 3;10(2):201. doi: 10.3390/bioengineering10020201. While there might be some minute differences, there is nothing substantial enough to place one beast above the other. Your score is a sign of osteopenia, a condition in which bone density is below normal and may lead to osteoporosis. T-Score Bone Density Chart: Currently the NHANES study (Looker) is used for the hip reference data by everybody. The graph shows the T-scores for average men. Nutrient Deficiencies Bethesda,MD20892-3676 As mentioned at the start of this guide it takes time gaining experience handling a variety of bones both on site and in reference collections to become proficient in identifying a wider range of species. TABLE 2. If you have osteopenia, or low bone density . Kelsey A. Hart, . These risks depend on the population, skeletal site of measurement, technique of measurement, and type of fracture. Accessed Nov. 25, 2020. Mayo Clinic; 2017. When this publication was developed, we included the most up-to-date (accurate) information available. Efforts are underway to investigate diagnostic modalities that could help identify racehorses at increased risk of fracture; however, features associated with PSB fracture risk are still poorly understood. There is variablity in the DEXA results and likely your bone density has remained stable over the past years. Bone density is between 1 and 2.5 SD below the young adult mean (1 to 2.5 SD). Bone density is higher than in others of the same age, sex, and body size. As shown in the table below, a T-score between +1 and 1 is considered normal or healthy. Horse 1st metacarpals consist of a single bone. Cattle belong to the group of mammals known as artiodactyla, (even toed hoofed mammals), whereas horses belong to the group Perissodactyla (odd toed hoofed mammals). Aerssens J, Boonen S, Joly J, Dequeker J. J Endocrinol. Meaning. Here is a converter, based on the NHANES data-base at the femoral neck. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Occasionally, new information on medication is released. Whilst this is beyond the scope of a short introduction, having the knowledge to identify the most commonly found species can be of great help on site. Regardless of your sex or age, your doctor may recommend a bone density test if you've: Limitations of bone density testing include: Bone density tests are easy, fast and painless. Examples: 85-yr-old white woman with T-score of -2.25 has Z-score of 0, 65-yr-old white man with T-score of -0.3 has Z-score of +0.3, 55-yr-old black woman with Z-score of -1 has T-score of -1.5, 55-yr-old black woman with Z-score of +1 has T-score of +0.5. Keep reading to learn more about bone density scans, the difference between T-scores and Z-scores, and what Z-scores mean in terms of osteoporosis. Figure 3 shows cattle and horse femora. The fracture risk per Z-score is similar for the femoral neck and the total hip, but the conversion formulas from the T-score at the total hip are not the same as those from the femoral neck. The most notable difference is the much higher and flatter skull vault in pigs compared to sheep. Thats why its so critical to undergo bone density testing. If 20% of people have a bone density below a person, he or she has a Z-score of -0.84 and is at the 20th percentile. Best food forward: Are algae the future of sustainable nutrition? The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Instead, the T-score was invented. Loss of bone density. 2003 Nov;18(11):2010-5. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.2003.18.11.2010. This cross-sectional study of 9613 community-dwelling older adults found that more consumption of healthy plant foods and less consumption of animal foods and unhealthy plant foods were associated with a lower risk of osteoporosis. Bone density footnote 3 : T-score . DEXA bone scan results scores are measured as T-scores, which is a comparison of a person's bone density with that of a healthy 30-year-old adult. This phenomenon is linked to a change in the composition of . Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and draws only from peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. The exception is when weight is included to calculate the Z-score, which I think should not be done. The average dielectric properties of six bone samples are tabulated in Table 2. This setting should only be used on your home or work computer. 2004-2023 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK, a Red Ventures Company. Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below. 222-233, 1996. . For postmenopausal women and men age 50 years and older, the T-score is the number that is used for diagnostic classification, as follows: A T-score of -1.0 or above is normal bone density. Getting low bone density scores is only an initial warning. These can be seen in Figure 2. Multiple factors influence the mechanical strength of bones, such as the main orientation of the collagen fibres, the species of the animal, its age and sex, the density and degree of crystallization of the bone, its position within the body, and the conditions under which the tests are conducted, such as the moisture of the samples and the . The WHO fracture risk calculator uses Z-scores based on age and gender only; the Hologic machines give Z-scores for age, gender and race, and the Lunar machines for age, gender, race and weight. Density vs. You can take steps right now, such as monitoring your calcium and vitamin D levels and utilizing weight-bearing exercises, to prevent or fight osteoporosis. Unfortunately, that did not happen. In other words, for all these points the Z-score is zero. You must know both the age and the percentile to know if this is a healthy height. Get Ready for a New Season of Gardening -Choose from Tomatoes, Peaches, Corn, Zinnias & More! Domestic . The z-score is the number of standard deviations away from the average value of the reference group. The T score represents the comparison of the subject's bone mass to that of a healthy 30-year-old. Having a T-score between -1.0 and -2.5 is not "pre-osteoporosis" or a medical condition, but it is very important for people with low bone density to . Clinical research has shown that participants using AlgaeCal Plus saw improved bone mineral density and bone density within just 6 months. Your Z-score is the number of standard deviations above or below what's normally expected for someone of your age, sex, weight, and ethnic or racial origin. They may stem from one or more of the following: Aside from these conditions, certain medications can cause bone loss. density and bone mineral content," Annals of biomedical engineering, vol. Avoid taking calcium supplements for at least 24 hours before your bone density test. Accessed Nov. 30, 2020. However, a doctor may ask a person to refrain from taking calcium supplements 2448 hours prior to the test. Please note the date published or last update on all articles. The following ranges should be used to interpret T-scores for osteoporosis: 1.
