It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition. translator of the Rajataragini. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. The version was entitled Behr-ul-Asmar, (or the sea of tales). Toramana's son Pravarasena, who had been brought up in secrecy by his mother Anjana, freed him. Verse 12. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. The only significance of his rule is that the Sufi saint Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani arrived at Kashmir in his reign. elsewhere. He also got the Mahabharata and Rajatarangini. November 1941, offering Asianists a wealth of information unavailable Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. Rajatarangini . His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continuation of Kalhanas Rjataragin and brings the annal of the rulers of Kashmir proper right down to the hour of the creators supporter Zain-ul-Abidin. He ascended the throne reluctantly, at the request of his guru Ishana. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. Kalhana appears to made little attempt to determine the actual sequence of rule of the kings and dynasties he recorded). Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. [13], Shah Mir arrived in Kashmir in 1313 along with his family, during the reign of Suhadeva (13011320), whose service he entered. He erected a monument at. Rajatarangini belongs. His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. does also publish two journals of advanced mathematics and a few publications After this battle, the regions of Ladakh and Baltistan which were under the rule of Kashgar came under the rule of Shah Miris.Sultan also marched towards Delhi and the army of Feroz Shah Tughlaq opposed him at the banks of River Satluj. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. Verse 15. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. in the broad and interdisciplinary area of "theory and history of cultural production," By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecrations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. All Rights Reserved 2022 Theme: Promos by. for this article. According to the Mahabharata, the Kambojs ruled Kashmir during the epic period (The epic period is estimated to be roughly from 1000 to 600 BC, when some of the greatest epics such as; Ramayana and Mahabharata, came into being during this time). He was a vyavahari (perhaps merchant) who along with others who owned villages like him had set up little kingdoms during the last days of Karkotas. Made his brother Sussala the ruler of Lohara. Check ' ' translations into Persian. thirty journals, primarily in the humanities and social sciences, though it He wanted his court poets to interpret the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana, and Mahabharata into the Persian language. Son of Aksha. Look through examples of translation in sentences, listen to pronunciation and learn grammar. Postmodernism refers to mid to late 20th century. Unacademy is Indias largest online learning platform. Answer. This Vikramaditya is not same as the, Shared the administration with his queen. Built a new city called Damodarasuda, and a dam called Guddasetu. Made king by Sukhavarman, the son of Utpala. Indeed, in the imagined community of multilingual India, Sanskritic culture is the one indissoluble bond between Kashmir and Kerala, forever sanctified by the epoch-making mission of Keralas Shankaracharya, the enunciator of Advaita philosophy. Gopikrishna Shastri (Ujjain) also translated the work into. Rjatarangi (Rjataragi "The River of Kings") is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE.[1]. He called back the Hindus who left Kashmir during his father's reign. Zain-ul-Abidin worked hard to establish a fair rule in Kashmir. The book closes with the establishment of the Karkota Naga dynasty by Durlabhaka Pratapaditya II, and it is from Book IV on that Rajatarangini takes on the character of a dependable historical narrative. His short reign was marked by a succession struggle with his half-brother Vajraditya II. Murdered by Radda. Jizya was abolished too in his command. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. Usurped the throne, claiming to be a descendant of Yashaskara. Kalhana wrote it was brilliantly prepared for the work. How much stuff can you bring on deployment? Does adding salt to water increase conductivity? Answer. Report Error [20], Despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity in the earlier books of Rajatarangini. epic poem Among other things that fall within its wide sweep, the work contains references not only to such things as the countrys episodic encounters with China across the border, but also to the depredations of Mahmud Ghazni in Kashmirs neighbourhood around 1013 that portended the eventual Islamic conquest of Kashmir, the land variously heirs to the spiritual heritage of Hindu, Buddhist and Jain faiths. Rajatarangini, paintings of Kalhana written by a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. Rajatarangini, Telugu translation by Renduchintala Lakshmi Narasimha Sastry, This page was last edited on 14 November 2022, at 18:27. He lies buried in the Gorstan e Shahi in Srinagar. Kalhana () (c. 12th century CE), a Kashmiri Brahmin, was the author of Rajatarangini, and is regarded as Kashmir's first historian. 2 What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? The broad valley of Kashmir, also spelled Cashmere[2] is almost completely surrounded by the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal range. It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition. [4] It is known, however, that Mihirakula was the son of Toramana. [18] Waqfs were endowed to shrines, mosques were commissioned, numerous Sufi preachers were provided with jagirs and installed in positions of authority, and feasts were regularly held. Sussala's son. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. The book has a magisterial Foreword by Puthezhath Raman Menon, a considerable figure in Malayalam literature and a contemporary of the translator. In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. He is most remembered for his Advaita Vedantist text, the Dasbodh. The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. Abstract. Answer. He showed shockingly progressed specialised mastery for the time in his anxiety for offbeat sources. (I.191) He belonged to. [12] These kings ruled Kashmir for 192years. (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. Despite these stated principles, Kalhana's work is also full of legends and inconsistencies (see Historical reliability below). Son of Vijaya: his "long arms reached to his knees". He wrote the work in Sanskrit between 1148 and 1149. An astrologer prophesied that his son-in-law would succeed him as the king. After ruling indirectly and directly. We have migrated to a new commenting platform. Kalhana's work uses Kali and Laukika (or Saptarishi) calendar eras: the ascension year in CE, as given below, has been calculated by Dutt based on Kalhana's records. Called "the blind" because of his small eyes. Abu l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state Discuss, Ram Mohan Roy was given the title of Raja by. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Verse 13. A Shaivite during whose reigns Buddhists also flourished. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: "River of Kings") historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. Rajatarangini s first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. section. In 1343 CE, Sultan Jamshid suffered a defeat by his brother who ascended the throne as Sultan Alau'd-Din in 1347 CE. [3] The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided between eight books called tarangas ("waves"). Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. The Karkota line came to a close with the usurpation of the throne by Avantivarman, who started the Utpala dynasty in 855. He dug profound into such model functions as the Harshacharita and the Brihat-Samhita sagas and utilised with a praiseworthy commonality the neighbourhood rajakathas (regal accounts) and such past chips away at Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthiva Wali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. He was (I.191) the first of his race. Dethroned by Utpalaka's rival Mamma and the latter's son Yashovarman. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in Harsha of Kashmir's court. Qutbuddin died and was succeeded by his son Sultan Sikander also known as the Sikander Butshikand. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dialects were subtle there from the northwest inside the overdue Bronze Ag. [27], He was the seventh ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty, and reigned between 1413 and 1420. Book I attempts to weave imaginary tales of Kashmir kings into epic legends. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Raman Menon, an erudite scholar in both Sanskrit and Malayalam during his time. Sanskrit works on medicine and music were also translated into Persian at his instance. Ascended the throne after her death, beginning, Abdicated the throne in favour of his son, but retained power through his minister Haladhara, Rebelled against his parents, leading to the suicide of his father Ananta, followed by, Second son of Kalasha. Such striking historical details aside, the preeminent fact is that Kalhanas is a literary text of extraordinary merit. Murdered his father, and starved his half-brothers to death. 2011 Duke University Press He subdued several enemies. a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. His descendant Meghavahana later restored the dynasty's rule. Verse 14. Abul Fazl translated into Persian many outstanding Sanskrit works, such as, the. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBalochRafiq1998 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchimmel1980 (, Last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00, Baharistan-i-Shahi Chapter 3 EARLY SHAHMIRS, "Buddhism and Islam in Kashmir as Represented by Rjataragi Authors", "This book claims to expose the myths behind Kashmir's history. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old-style language, Sanskrit. Request Permissions. Introduction: The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. Arthashastra , one of the first in the history of Malayalam literature. According to the historical evidence, Lalitaditya Muktapida ruled during the 8th century. Accordingly, translation was no longer confined solitary to an isolated linguistic context and the socio-cultural aspects of translation were emphasized. . it was brilliantly prepared for the work. View all Google Scholar citations In 1380 C.E. In fact, the history of Kashmir was continued, along Kalhanas line, down to some years after the annexation of Kashmir by the Mughal emperor Akbar (1586) in the following works: Rajatarangini (by Jonaraja), Jainatarangini (by Shrivara), and Rajavalipataka (by Prajyabhatta and Shuka). The Tusharas did not give a fight but fled to the mountain ranges leaving their horses in the battle field. Horace Hayman Wilson partially translated the work, and wrote an essay based on it, titled The Hindu History of Kashmir (published in Asiatic Researches Volume 15). He stopped the killing of cows by means . They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. His son Jayendra was followed by Samdhimati-Aryaraja (34 BCE-17 CE) who had the soul of Jayendra's minister Sandhimati. Although the earlier books are inaccurate in their chronology, they still provide an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and are widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers. This king is identified by some with Huna ruler Toramana, although his successor Mihirakula is placed much earlier by Kalhana.[12]. Kashmira Kerala paryanthaamganatantrenashasssitam, Rakshayantujanaasarve, ekachhatramimaammaheem (From Kashmir to Kerala extending and governed by democracy, may all the people protect this lands sovereign unity). Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. He devoted his time to sensual pleasures, and neglected royal duties. This page was last modified on 1 January 2016, at 03:52. Another television serial based on this work has been completed by National Award winning director, Jyoti Sarup. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. for primarily professional audiences (e.g., in law or medicine). Little is known about him except from what he tells us about himself in the opening verses of his book. and interdisciplinary publications, both books and journals. Barring a successful invasion of Ladakh, Sikandar did not annex any new territory. There too, legend is mixed with reality, and Toramana Huna is incorporated into the line of Meghavahana. There are several discrepancies between the Ashoka mentioned in Kalhana's account and the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. May 29, 2021 04:35 pm | Updated July 06, 2022 12:26 pm IST. In later years of his reign, he started patronizing unwise persons, and the wise courtiers deserted him. it has been transformed into Persian, Get subscription and access unlimited live and recorded courses from Indias best educators. There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit The dynasty was established by Shah Mir in 1339 CE, there are two theories regarding Shah Mir's origin. The fate of Ali Shah is uncertain: he may have died in captivity or have been put to death by Khokhar.[28]. ). Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a historical text on this region. Rajatarangini (The River of Kings) is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE. Comments have to be in English, and in full sentences. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Feature Flags: { He assigned the work to a few officials to translate the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language, the literary language of the Mughal court. Sultan Sikandar (1389-1413 CE), was the sixth ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty. It does not store any personal data. . Answer: Kalhana was the author of Rajatarangini (River of Kings), an account of the history of Kashmir. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. recognized as the most authoritative and prestigious publication in the Kavya as a genre has had a prominent place in traditional Malayalam poetics, so the austere aesthetics of Kalhanas work will strike a chord with readers, particularly those with a yen for that stimulating mixture of Sanskrit and Malayalam of yore, termed Manipravala. In the early years of his reign, the actual power was held by Sussala. . that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonarajas [6] Although "Jina" is a term generally associated with Jainism, some ancient sources use it to refer to the Buddha. [25][26], Sikandar died in April, 1413 upon which, the eldest son 'Mir' was anointed as the Sultan having adopted the title of Ali Shah. Learn more topics related to Ancient History of India, Download lessons and learn anytime, anywhere with the Unacademy app, Access free live classes and tests on the app. The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy, Supreme Court forms expert panel to probe any regulatory failure on Adani issue, India makes renewed push for consensus at G20 Foreign Ministers meeting, Hindenburg Research report on Adani Group | Supreme Court verdict on expert committee on March 2, High debt on Vedanta books puts investors on tenterhooks, Employees Provident Fund: How to activate UAN online, 1947: Madras Devadasis (Prevention of Dedication) Act passed, RMA 0-1 FCB, El Clasico highlights: Barcelona leads on aggregate after beating Real Madrid courtesy of a Militao own goal. Hence the correct answer is Option B. "useRatesEcommerce": false By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecretations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to its synthesis. Uninvolved by and by in the frenzy of contemporary legislative issues, he was significantly impacted by it and expressed the accompanying. Among original compositions in Persian, historical literature easily occupied the first place. Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. Who translated Mahabharata and Rajatarangini into Persian? Kalhana relates that Lalitaditya Muktapida invaded the tribes of the north and after defeating the Kambojas, he immediately faced the Tusharas. The earliest reference to the Kambojas is around the 5th century BCE. How do people make money on survival on Mars? The Maurya Empire was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military empire in ancient India, founded by, After a Damodara ("of Ashoka's kula or another"), we have Hushka, Jushka and Kanishka (127147 CE) of the. Each issue contains four to five feature articles on topics The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. Rajatharangini ; Vidwan T.K. Defeated the Tantrins with help of Damara feudal lords. Subsequent English translations of Kalhana's Rajatarangini include: Several books containing legendary stories from Rajatarangini have been compiled by various authors. You can try more lenient search to get some results. issues of East, South, and Southeast Asia, as well as a large book review Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Verse 13. He established a university in Naushehra and a Darul Tarjuma. His queen eloped with a Buddhist monk, so he destroyed the Buddhist monasteries and gave their land to the Brahmins. In this backdrop, the Malayalam translation called During his reign, the Mlechchhas (possibly, According to historical evidence, Mihirakula's predecessor was. As the result of the decline in linguistic oriented approaches, Translation Studies witnessed a move towards a more descriptive and cultural direction in the 1990s. 23 February 2011. 1 Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. Haksar captured the mystique of Indias coordinates in this couplet: [19][21] Scholars caution against accepting the allegations at face value and attributing them solely to religious bigotry. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login).

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