a. will be healthier than children because they are exposed to fewer infectious diseases.b. Infants younger than 12 months appear to be at the highest risk for SIDS, and boys have a greater risk than girls. Those who continue to have insomnia, particularly if it affects their quality of life, should seek professional treatment. Stimulantsare drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity. Many of these processes, like much of psychological behavior, are rooted in our biology. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and insomnia (i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time) (Roth, 2007). c. absence of subjective symptoms of disease. 1. Depletion of certain neurotransmitters can lead to mood dysphoria, cognitive problems, and other factors. Sleepwalking, restless leg syndrome, and night terrors are all examples of parasomnias (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). However, alternative treatment options are being explored because consistent compliance by users of CPAP devices is a problem. Generally, alcohol is associated with decreases in reaction time and visual acuity, lowered levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control. Some research suggests that species that face higher predatory risks sleep fewer hours than other species (Capellini et al., 2008), while other researchers suggest there is no relationship between the amount of time a given species spends in deep sleep and its predation risk (Lesku, Roth, Amlaner, & Lima, 2006). Medical marijuana is marijuana that is prescribed by a doctor for the treatment of a health condition. These episodes can last 1020 seconds or longer and often are associated with brief periods of arousal. As the dose increases, people report feeling sedated. High doses increase agitation, paranoia, can cause hallucinations. You have read that sleep is distinguished by low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness. Which of the following was an advance in science and medicine in the18th and 19th centuries? You were capable of engaging in the all of the complex tasks involved with operating a motor vehicle even though you were not aware of doing so. Heroin can be snorted, smoked, or injected intravenously. If someone stays awake for 48 consecutive hours, they could start to hallucinate. Withdrawal from opioids includes pain, which patients often misinterpret as pain caused by the problem that led to the original prescription, and which motivates patients to continue using the drugs. Sore throat. This is known as the REM rebound, and it suggests that REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated. A womans menstrual cycle is an example of a biological rhythma recurring, cyclical pattern of bodily changes. Nicotine is most commonly used in the form of tobacco products like cigarettes or chewing tobacco; therefore, there is a tremendous interest in developing effective smoking cessation techniques. Some of these areas include the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the pons. Historically, hypnosis has been viewed with some suspicion because of its portrayal in popular media and entertainment (Figure 4.20). Upon admission to an outpatient clinic for treatment of mood disorders, she met all of the diagnostic criteria for substance dependence and was advised to dramatically limit her caffeine intake. A) managed care How exactly does a hypnotist bring a participant to a state of hypnosis? (Jayanthi & Ramamoorthy, 2005; Rothman, Blough, & Baumann, 2007). The heart rate slows . Night terrorsresult in a sense of panic in the sufferer and are often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Mindfulness meditation has recently become popular. Thus, K-complexes might serve as a bridge to higher levels of arousal in response to what is going on in our environments (Halsz, 1993; Steriade & Amzica, 1998). (a) Delta waves, which are low frequency and high amplitude, characterize (b) slow-wave stage 3 and stage 4 sleep. Many of these drugs act as agonists of the dopamine neurotransmitter system. As mentioned earlier, lack of sleep can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. This figure illustrates some of the negative consequences of sleep deprivation. Some research suggests that sleep deprivation affects cognitive and motor function as much as, if not more than, alcohol intoxication (Williamson & Feyer, 2000). Normal brain functioning is altered after repeated use of these drugs. Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90 . Stick to a sleep schedule, even on the weekends. Many of these drugs, and their relationships, are shown inTable 4.2. Not able to pass stool or gas. In such instances, REM rebound may actually represent an adaptive response to stress in non-depressed individuals by suppressing the emotional salience of aversive events that occurred in wakefulness (Suchecki, Tiba, & Machado, 2012). Generally, treatment for night terrors is unnecessary unless there is some underlying medical or psychological condition that is contributing to the night terrors (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). Until recently, the United States Department of Justice routinely arrested people involved and seized marijuana used in medicinal settings. Homeostasis refers to the body's need to reach and maintain a certain state of equilibrium. Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. c. are influenced by peer pressure, often leading to unhealthful or unsafe behaviors. Sleep apnea is defined as a reduction or cessation of breathing during sleep. If you cannot fall asleep, leave your bed and do something else until you feel tired again. There is quite a bit of controversy within the scientific community as to the extent to which marijuana might have medicinal benefits due to a lack of large-scale, controlled research (Bostwick, 2012). With repeated use of many central nervous system depressants, such as alcohol, a person becomes physically dependent upon the substance and will exhibit signs of both tolerance and withdrawal. Wakefulnessis characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior. As one of their mechanisms of action, cocaine and amphetamines block the reuptake of dopamine from the synapse into the presynaptic cell. During periods of emotional arousal, the woman complained that she felt some weakness on the right side of her body. This can lead to people compulsively using stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines, in part to try to reestablish the persons physical and psychological pre-use baseline. A person withrestless leg syndromehas uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep. With excessive alcohol use, a person might experience a complete loss of consciousness and/or difficulty remembering events that occurred during a period of intoxication (McKim & Hancock, 2013). Historically, heroin has been a major opioid drug of abuse (Figure 4.17). Some can cause heightened sensitivity to physical stimuli. Whether lark, owl, or somewhere in between, there are situations in which a persons circadian clock gets out of synchrony with the external environment. The consequences of sleep debt include decreased levels of alertness and mental efficiency. Our lives involve regular, dramatic changes in the degree to which we are aware of our surroundings and our internal states. In terms of brain wave activity, stage 1 sleep is associated with both alpha and theta waves. Unlike Freud and Jung, Cartwrights ideas about dreaming have found empirical support. In the wake of the opiate epidemic, many drug cartels in Mexico are shifting from producing heroin to producing highly potent but inexpensive forms of methamphetamine. In general, smoking cessation programs may be effective in the short term, but it is unclear whether these effects persist (Cropley, Theadom, Pravettoni, & Webb, 2008; Levitt, Shaw, Wong, & Kaczorowski, 2007; Smedslund, Fisher, Boles, & Lichtenstein, 2004). She indicated that she had fallen asleep at inappropriate or dangerous times, including while eating, while socializing with friends, and while driving her car. For example, the National Institutes of Drug Abuse has sponsored research that suggests the misuse and abuse of the prescription pain killers hydrocodone and oxycodone are significant public health concerns (Maxwell, 2006). While people are often unaware of their sleep apnea, they are keenly aware of some of the adverse consequences of insufficient sleep. The crisis actually began in the 1990s, when pharmaceutical companies began mass-marketing pain-relieving opioid drugs like OxyContin with the promise (now known to be false) that they were non-addictive. One of the most common treatments for sleep apnea involves the use of a special device during sleep. During periods of sleepwalking, sleepers often have their eyes open, but they are not responsive to attempts to communicate with them. Rapid eye movement (REM)sleep is characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids. The lifespan perspective in health psychology reveals that adolescents One of the shortcomings with the health belief model is Risk factors for a health problem People whose personalities include high levels of _____ seem to be "disease" This becomes a self-perpetuating cycle because increased anxiety leads to increased arousal, and higher levels of arousal make the prospect of falling asleep even more unlikely. In fact, it has been suggested that there is no reason to think that energetic demands could not be addressed with periods of rest and inactivity (Frank, 2006; Rial et al., 2007), and some research has actually found a negative correlation between energetic demands and the amount of time spent sleeping (Capellini, Barton, McNamara, Preston, & Nunn, 2008). In such instances, the individuals schedule changes so frequently that it becomes difficult for a normal circadian rhythm to be maintained. describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. An agonist facilitates the activity of a neurotransmitter system, and antagonists impede neurotransmitter activity. While disruptions in circadian rhythms can have negative consequences, there are things we can do to help us realign our biological clocks with the external environment. Therefore, it is quite likely that new medications that are developed to treat narcolepsy will be designed to target the hypocretin system. (b) People practicing meditation may experience an alternate state of consciousness. Opioids have analgesic properties; that is, they decrease pain. a - a mole that looks cancerous. This shift in policy may be in response to the scientific communitys recommendations and/or reflect changing public opinion regarding marijuana. While there is tremendous variation in any given individuals sleep needs, the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) cites research to estimate that newborns require the most sleep (between 12 and 18 hours a night) and that this amount declines to just 79 hours by the time we are adults. This section will describe several sleep disorders as well as some of their treatment options. Melatonin is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and the immune system (Hardeland et al., 2006). Jet lagis a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. Loss of appetite. Stage 3is often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep because this stage is characterized by low frequency (less than 3 Hz), high amplitudedelta waves(Figure 4.10). People who suffer from this disorder can injure themselves or their sleeping partners when engaging in these behaviors. It is often prescribed for minor pain, and it is available over-the-counter in some other countries. For instance, have you ever daydreamed while driving home from work or school without really thinking about the drive itself? Indeed, we know sleep deprivation results in disruptions in cognition and memory deficits (Brown, 2012), leading to impairments in our abilities to maintain attention, make decisions, and recall long-term memories. Brain waves during REM sleep appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness. Instead, sleep is composed of several different stages that can be differentiated from one another by the patterns of brain wave activity that occur during each stage. While cognitive deficits may be the most obvious, many body systems are negatively impacted by lack of sleep. Parasomnias can occur in either REM or NREM phases of sleep. A hypnogram is a diagram of the stages of sleep as they occur during a period of sleep. Drugs in this category include cocaine, amphetamines (including methamphetamine), cathinones (i.e., bath salts), MDMA (ecstasy), nicotine, and caffeine. This pattern of temperature fluctuation, which repeats every day, is one example of a circadian rhythm.

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