How did the Rebellion impact Qing society? But as oue leader fell or was captured, another replaced him, and as the rebellion was extinguished in one place, it blazed out in another. [citation needed]. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. At the same time, technologies for treating contagious diseases such as smallpox, and the extensive use of fertilizers and irrigation techniques were also imported from the West. At first the Ch'ing administration, under the control of Ho-shen, sent inadequate and inefficient imperial forces to suppress the ill-organized rebels. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. The Red Turban Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Hngjn Qy) was an uprising influenced by the White Lotus Society members that, between 1351 and 1368, targeted the ruling Yuan Dynasty of China, eventually leading to its overthrowing. This rebellion wasn't the direct down fall of the Qing dynasty. Beginning as enslavement protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many citizens. . The White lotus (Bailian Jiao, ) was a Buddhist political and religious movement that believed in a universal female divinity, the "Unborn Old Mother" who would gather all of her children towards the end of the millennium, into one large family. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. During much of that time, China was the single, undisputed superpower in East Asia, with neighboring lands such as Korea, Vietnam, and an often-reluctant Japan trailing in its cultural wake. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. A second major contributor was internal turmoil, expressed in a series of devastating rebellions beginning in 1794 with the White Lotus rebellion, and ending with the Boxer Rebellion of 18991901 and Wuchang Uprising of 19111912. Qing Dynasty, China's Last Imperial Family, The Boxer Rebellion in Editorial Cartoons, Biography of Sun Yat-sen, Chinese Revolutionary Leader, The Fall of the Ming Dynasty in China in 1644, Tibet and China: History of a Complex Relationship, The Complex Structure of Ethnic Conflict in the Frontier: Through the Debates Around the 'Jindandao Incident' in 1891, The Monarch and Inner/Outer Court Dualism in Late Imperial China, 'Revolution': Conceptualizing Political and Social Change in the Late Qing Dynasty, Moving to the Right Place at the Right Time: Economic Effects on Migrants of the Manchuria Plague of 191011, Size and Dynastic Decline: The Principal-Agent Problem in Late Imperial China, 17001850. Actual participation in sect activities had no impact on an arrest; whether or not monetary demands were met, however, did. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent of the Buddha, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers. The White Lotus Rebellion began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. As one Qing official complained:[6], "The rebels are all our own subjects. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The White Lotus led impoverished slaves to freedom, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. As a result of such technological improvements, the Chinese population exploded, increasing from just shy of 178 million in 1749 to almost 359 million in 1811; and by 1851, the population in Qing dynasty China was close to 432 million people. At first, farmers in regions adjacent to Mongolia worked for the Mongols, but eventually, the people in the overcrowded Hubei and Hunan provinces flowed out and into the region. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. Only after 1800 did Beijing adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. Omissions? How did the Rebellion impact the Qing dynasty? White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. And so the war was waged. This humiliation showed all of China's subjects, neighbors, and tributaries that the once-mighty China was now weak and vulnerable. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. ", Dai, Yingcong. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures used by the religious groups. This Liu Chi-hieh set up a youth named Wang Fa-sheng, whom he represented to be a member of the Chu family and a descendant of the Ming emperors, as the rightful sovereign of the people. [3] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion.". [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. The calamitous Opium Wars seemed to prove that the alien ruling dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven and needed to be overthrown. They are not like some external tribe . Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Kublai Khan (1215-1294) was the greatest of the Mongol emperors after Genghis Khan and founder of the Yan dynasty in China., Tibet The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. Save up to $6,685 on one of 9 used Lotus Evora 400s in Frisco, TX. Barend Joannes Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Sun Yat-Sen emerged as China's first "professional" revolutionary, having gained an international reputation by being abducted by Qing agents in the Chinese Embassy in London in 1896. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[9]. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912. As one Qing official complained:[9]. Szczepanski, Kallie. [9], Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. Qing control weakened and prosperity diminished by the 19th century. Although the rebellion continued for nine years, it never became an organized attempt to establish a new dynasty. Snow Lotus is your One stop shop for exclusive Antique Silver Artifacts & Authentic Silver in Dallas. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. After 48 years, official Zeng Guofan studied and was inspired by the dynasty's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion while considering ways to defeat the Taiping movement. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Kublai Khan The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus members dedicated themselves to the overthrow of the alien Manchu and to the return of the previous Ming dynasty (13681644). 5 recommendations for White Lotus Dental from neighbors in Frisco, TX. ", in, Zhang Shucai (1992). Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. Dimitri Vegas, Steve Aoki The White Lotus Theme (Aloha!) The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). It broke out in 1794, and was at full height in 1796, among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. [citation needed], For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10, "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 17961805", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Lotus_Rebellion&oldid=1139241640, Dai, Yingcong. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). The Emperor Qianlong (Ch'ien-lung) (reigned 173599) sent Helin, brother to the infamously corrupt eunuch Heshen and Fukangan, related by marriage to the Emperor, to quell the uprising. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. [6] The elites' self-proclaimed position as outsiders contributed to their eventual demise. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. Instead, Britain began a lucrative, illicit trade in opium, traded from British imperial India into Canton, far from Beijing. [1] As White Lotus sects developed, they appealed to many Han Chinese who found solace in the worship of Wusheng Laomu . After more than 2,000 years, though, Chinese imperial power under the last Chinese dynasty was about to collapse for good. Ch'ien-lung (1711-1799) was the fourth emperor of the Ch'ing, or Manchu, dynasty in China. Not until the Qianlong emperor died in 1799 was Heshen removed and the war really prosecuted. The river flooded constantly, and other natural disasters also occurred. [6] The group forecast the advent of Maitreya, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming Dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers while promising the return of the Buddha.[7]. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. List of battleships of the United States Navy, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, http://www.scribd.com/doc/37359117/Bodycount-Final, http://books.google.com/books?id=Md801mHEeOkC&pg=PA9, History of Chinese Culture on History.com. however it was indirectly responsible because it was the catalyst for the other rebellions that occurred in the future. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608 (accessed March 4, 2023). Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. ", Dai, Yingcong. Grandmother. Updates? [6] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under Mongol rule. Here, the White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. This rebellion grew rapidly under Lin Chi-hieh and other leaders, oue of whom was a woman surnamed Wang, until there were a hundred thousand rebels in arms, who fought with varying fortune against an at least equal number of imperialist solidiers. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. Members of the society were not ethnically different from Han Chinese, but subscribed to a belief based on a mixture of Taoism, Buddhism, and Manichaeism. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). It took nine years of warfare and great loss of life before the rebellion was put down. That history stretched back at least as far as 221 BCE when Qin Shi Huangdi first united China into a single empire. ", McCaffrey, Cecily. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." Encyclopedia.com. 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