0000027723 00000 n As indicated in the chart below, the EPA recommends . 0000021134 00000 n 0000013076 00000 n Motions of the Sun Simulator 0000037304 00000 n 0000042713 00000 n Worth remembering that those early-'80's houses are one of the main reasons we are having such fruitful discussions today! This simple computation provides a metric to rate locations for ease of using passive solar or solar tempered winter space heating. 0000036472 00000 n Columns 1-3 lists the same city data, in the same order, as Table 1. The lower the U-Factor, the better the window insulates. /Metadata 9 0 R The lower the {\displaystyle N*A(\lambda ,\theta )} 0000046541 00000 n I'm less familiar with these lighting issues, so hope someone else can chime in. %%EOF Note: appearance of your Comment below may be delayed: if your comment contains an image, photograph, web link, or text that looks to the software as if it might be a web link, your posting will appear after it has been approved by a moderator. 0000010861 00000 n /TT0 23 0 R Those screens weren't very bright. On a traditional southern plantation style home with porches and monster roof overhangs, you could design a south-facing overhang that would completely shade south-facing windows in June, yet not shade much of the top of the window during winter. Continue readingat SOLAR GAIN TYPES, DEFINITIONS or select a topic from the closely-related articles below, or see the complete ARTICLE INDEX. We don't seem to have an issue with glare. The solar transmittance of a window glazing or window is the percentage of visible and near-infrared light that passes directly through a window. hbbd```b``v ;+) D,`RD&`!=D)`sJAdLdtDD2MU'I%R0H2Nd32p]4u~>0 ) ( (16) Reduce the amount spent on larger and more complex supplementary space heating systems to allocate funds for more insulation, air-sealing measures, and more energy-efficient windows and doors. We don't have extensive open space, placing furniture near windows and glass doors. (14) Exploit sustainable solar heating to lower the buildings heat load, utility bills, and supplementary space heating systems. << (3) Overall, unobstructed south-facing windows gain more heat than they lose during mid-winter in almost all U.S. climates. Solar Heat Gain Coefficient, or SHGC, is the amount of solar radiation, or heat, that passes through windows into the home In other words, SHGC tells you how well the windows block the sun's heat from coming inside An SHGC closer to 0 means that little solar heat is let in An SHGC closer to 1 means more solar heat is let in It provides a gauge of the relative efficiency of different glass or glazing types in transmitting daylight while blocking heat gains. The solar radiation amount depends on the orientation of the surface, solar altitude angle, and solar azimuth angle. Does The New Glass In Windows Need Any Special Care? Winter temperatures and cloudiness are major determinants of the potential and the cost-effectiveness of exploiting solar heat gain for space heating. The warmer HDD numbers are highlighted in tan, and colder are highlighted in ice blue. 0000050604 00000 n 0000049715 00000 n Although glare hadn't been much of a problem, that uniform interior color reduced color contrast, and did seem to reduce the perception of glare. Varying window sizes and numbers can increase or decrease solar gains and heat losses to affect overall energy performance. The lowest numbers are about double the highest. Passive solar heating is a design strategy that attempts to maximize the amount of solar gain in a building when additional heating is desired. 0000010784 00000 n It is defined as the ratio of solar radiation at a given wavelength and angle of incidence passing through a glass unit to the radiation that would pass through a reference window of frameless 3 millimetres (0.12in) Clear Float Glass. Canadian companies might be your best bet (e.g., Thermotech, Accurate Dorwin, Inline). 0000037935 00000 n When integrated over the wavelengths of solar short-wave radiation, it yields the total fraction of transmitted solar energy across all solar wavelengths. Winter design temperature (F), or coldest expected temperature.. ) 0000050343 00000 n 0000026777 00000 n 0000060877 00000 n They also recommended ceilings be white, to reflect light back to the floor. 0000024478 00000 n 0000032190 00000 n Glare Passivhaus is known for having lots of foam insulation below slab floors (8" to 10" thickness might be common) to keep within their limited heat loss budget. Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) measures how well a product blocks heat from the sun. Shading analysis of the building site's landscaping and adjacent buildings is critically important. Wyoming Climate Atlas: Solar Radiation - Wyoming State Climate Office Cooling load temperature difference calculation method Most manufacturers worked to retrofit products to meet the new and more stringent standards. In this article, Window Joe guides you to thefactors to consider then determining the best SHGC for your window replacement project. June 21st, only sees direct sun in the early hours of the morning, and the window son the north-west side of the house in the late evening. . 0000037750 00000 n Unfortunately in the US, most windows sold are low SHGC. 0000056381 00000 n 0000012239 00000 n /Thumb 2 0 R 0000022435 00000 n /C2_3 12 0 R Alaska, the Pacific Northwest, and Midwestern cities would not be good candidates to rely on wintertime solar heating. These tables give the solar data needed for designing an air conditioning system by either the traditional hand- calculating procedures or digital computer techniques. (4) South-facing windows can provide about fifteen times as much light and solar heat gain in winter as north-facing windows. 0000019693 00000 n I would hope this article would lead people to consider quantifying solar gains for any type of home, not just solar-oriented designs. Objects struck by sunlight absorb its visible and short-wave infrared components, increase in temperature, and then re-radiate that heat at longer infrared wavelengths. U-factor (inverse of R-value), which measures the rate of heat losses through that window to the cold outdoors. (13) Design roof overhangs, patio or deck coverings, and landscaping to preserve unobstructed sunshine in winter, and shade west- and east-facing windows during summer months. Technical Report: Solar Heat Gain Through Fenestration Systems Containing Shading: Procedures for Estimating Performance from Minimal Data Title: Solar Heat Gain Through Fenestration Systems Containing Shading: Procedures for Estimating Performance from Minimal Data Full Record Other RelatedResearch Abstract 0000010938 00000 n 0000043195 00000 n Low-E Type . Vinyl replacement windows, those with a vinyl window frame, are a great economic choice and also provide great energy efficiency for your home, lowering bills. 0000045710 00000 n Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable EnergyForrestal Building1000 Independence Avenue, SWWashington, DC 20585, Fuel Efficient & Alternative Fuel Vehicles, Independently Tested and Certified Energy Performance for Windows, Doors, and Skylights, Energy Performance Ratings for Windows, Doors, and Skylights, Direct conduction and convection heat transfer through the glass or multi-layer glazing and framing, Thermal radiation into a house and out of a house from room-temperature objects, such as exterior walls and windows, people, equipment, furniture, and interior walls, The solar radiation into a house, which is converted to heat when absorbed by building surfaces. 0000008169 00000 n endobj 0000029773 00000 n If you divide by 0.87 (the coefficient for 1/8-inch clear glass), you get the shading coefficient you need to calculate solar heat gain. Note that air leakage also depends on proper installation of a window, which is assumed in all ratings. The ability of glazing in a window, door, or skylight to transmit sunlight into a home can be measured and rated according to the following energy performance characteristics: Review the state fact sheets or use the window selection tool for new construction or existing homes from the Efficient Windows Collaborative to determine the desired performance ratings for your climate. For some locations, the heat is more pronounced and longer in duration than the short months of frigid temperatures with little snow. If the TV were on the same wall, next to a south window around noontime mid-winter, the light from the window would be likely be much brighter than your TV or computer screen. 0000060771 00000 n 0000038900 00000 n What Are The Top Factors To Consider In New Windows? Is It Easier To Clean Replacement Windows? Even if it is not possible to build a classic passive solar home in other climates, solar gains can be used for substantial solar-tempered wintertime home heating. 0000010707 00000 n In these components heat transfer is entirely due to absorptance, conduction, and re-radiation since all transmittance is blocked in opaque materials. SOLAR GAIN CALCULATION at InspectApedia.com - online encyclopedia of building & environmental inspection, testing, diagnosis, repair, & problem prevention advice. The thermal mass also will radiate stored heat when the sun isn't shining to keep interior temperatures from getting too cool.) Extending them would have an effect on the top of the window but not extend very far down the window. On the flip side that means that cold air would normally go from outdoors to indoors with metal framed windows. This article notes the importance of using south-facing windows to capture warmth (and natural lighting) in winter, yet not suffer as much heat gain in summer (vs. west and east-facing windows). ( (7) East-facing windows provide sunlight early in the morning when a house interior is the coolest, so they are more useful than west-facing windows. /StructParents 1 0000038526 00000 n So overhangs tend to keep the house cooler in the Spring as well as late summer. It is easier to maximize wintertime solar heating in some climates than others. South-facing windows provide between 59% and 77% of the total solar gains, despite making up only 25% of the glazing of the four windows of equal size. There are lots of ways to provide that shading, or using low SHGC windows for west and east-facing windows to avoid interior overheating during the summer. NFRC is so well-trusted that its testing results inform Energy STAR ratings. = Designing south-facing roof overhangs Many more cities in the U.S., Canada, Europe, and elsewhere could be added to this list to compute comparative solar heating ease and value. Apologies for the delay. This article explores the viability of passive solar and solar-tempered space heating in northern U.S. regions and metro areas. The windows specifications used here might be typical for a Pretty Good House design, being relatively high-performance windows but in the affordable range. It quantifies how some US climates (and not others) can use solar heat gain for space heating, or reduce utility bills cost-effectively, by designing to manage solar heat gain. endstream endobj startxref Sustainable By Design by Christopher Gronbeck. SHGC & U-Factor Tool | PGT Industries - Custom Aluminum, Vinyl and Solar Heat Gain through Fenestration Systems Containing Shading d /GS0 3 0 R (6) South-facing windows have less undesirable solar gain during summer than west- or east-facing windows. /CS1 7 0 R 0000028911 00000 n Thanks for your comments. Overglazing, underinsulating, oversized HVAC and using stock home plans without site analysis, seem commonplace. Even during winter afternoons, additional space heating may not be needed by the afternoon. (15) Consider less costly minisplit heat pumps or even simpler resistance or radiant heating in energy-efficient high performance homes, which have a much lower heating load. Robert The first five columns list each month of the year, and the daily solar heat gain per square foot of window glazing for windows facing south, north, and east, or west , and the average heat gain over the four window directions. ( 0000022979 00000 n The sun is even lower before and after noon. (5) During mid-winter, south-facing windows can provide more than triple the amount of light and solar heat gain in winter than east- and west-facing windows. Meanwhile, the solar heat gain through east- and west-facing windows is more intense due to the greater amount of solar radiation around June (for the northern hemisphere). Rather than looking for a window with a high U-factor, you should be looking for a window with low U-factor. 0000029050 00000 n But maybe that's because of my partly cloudy location of zone 5 Iowa City Iowa? 0000023459 00000 n This information in an aid in choosing the best direction and size of windows facing different directions. Thermal mass may be used to even out the fluctuations during the day, and to some extent between days. Beyond climate region, there are some other factors in place that impact how SHGC will affect your life. 0000059089 00000 n 0000024598 00000 n Many had problems with glare. But this angle represents a brief moment and most of the arch of the sun's path, while still influencing the solar gain, is much lower during the periods of time on both sides of noon. -- The highest sun angle (for the northern hemisphere) is around June 21st, when the sun is nearly overhead at noon, just a little toward the southern horizon. "Rjk=6}TIF }l,MHU{j>k(g_VqL14VToD_fvCF O=^&~]D;_"?/4M$gi3c'fL12#PK6eSvIP9@CLG[4fmRKn#Ga'kenD1pM8|b,yZMwtxxvr;PI})1Z8ruT^a{ZANQ XHXM!zwR`OqQzq/y[moWk&jaR6vl_3=OM sK}GJNU 7vd+`y`,Sk- 0000040500 00000 n Privacy | And it would shade some of the top of the window during January, February and November, when you'd prefer full sun. 0000021721 00000 n Higher SGHC=0.7 could be used on south-facing glazing to increase solar gains, but still get decent heat loss performance (e.g., Cardinal LoE-180 glass with SHGC=.69, U=26). 0000041841 00000 n The solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) is an index describing the proportion of light that is let through a window. 0000010013 00000 n 0000031652 00000 n xref >> 0000018860 00000 n The basement windows look out only on the east and south sides of the home where they barely see the light of day. If windows get direct sun in mid-winter, solar heat gain might provide the majority of needed space heating energy for a well-insulated, airtight building. This Solar Gain Index uses south window glazing net BTUs of heat per day per square foot of glazing, and divides by the Heating Degree Days for that location. East-facing windows can be more useful on winter mornings to warm up a cold house, but are quickly overtaken by warming from south-facing windows. My wife has a small office at work with lots of south facing glass and pulls the shades on sunny days. 0000010322 00000 n 0000052778 00000 n From this ordering of cities by average mid-winter solar heat gain potential, we may begin to conclude: Next, we need to explore solar heat gains and losses in more detail for each metro area. A endstream endobj 701 0 obj<> endobj 702 0 obj<> endobj 703 0 obj<>stream 0000012792 00000 n For any home design, heat loss, solar gain and other analysis needs to be done for best results, especially considering the high cost of building a home. http://www.cardinalcorp.com/products/coated-glass/loe-180-glass/, PPG Industries manufactures two low-e/high SHGC products: Sungate 500 and Sungate 100 window glass with SHGC of about 0.7. 0000035419 00000 n In passive solar and solar-tempered homes, typically there are more or larger windows facing south, and fewer or smaller windows facing other directions. Solar gain compared to Denver, the city with the highest solar heat gain in the list. As we discuss in detail at Choosing Window Glazing Based on Climate, (a chapter in Best Practices Guide for Windows & Doors): A window with an SHGC of .70 captures about 70% of the Tables of solar altitude, azimuth, intensity and heat gain factors for The design was intended to reduce supplementary space heating substantially and minimize utility bills. In Table 6, note that light from west or east facing windows in summer, is about the same as south-facing windows mid-winter. 0000057378 00000 n 0000053840 00000 n Gases are added between the layers of glazing to further increase insulation, the gases are heavier than air, making it less likely air will penetrate the glazing. ) 0000056953 00000 n I think these recommendations are a mistake, as that high contrast of dark floor and white ceiling and walls adds to the perception of glare. They have been prepared in exactly the same way as the tables in the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals (1967), but are for the latitudes of particular relevance in Canada and for . /CropBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] I used double-pane windows, and four large double-pane IGUs (for site built fixed windows). 0000020750 00000 n Personally, I think we should focus on better window shading methods than roof overhangs. 0 Solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) is the fraction of solar radiation admitted through a window, door, or skylight -- either transmitted directly and/or absorbed, and subsequently released as heat inside a home. The data on solar heat gains is summarized in Figure 2, below. A Contrarian View of Passive Solar Design, GBA Prime Sneak Peek: Reassessing Passive Solar Design Principles. Solar gain can have both positive or negative effects depending on the climate. E how glass is used in the house design. 0000039633 00000 n In contrast, the east, west, and north-facing windows lose more heat (column 8) than they gain in January (columns 4 or 5), except in Denver. CCPA | 154 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<7A4022D89D0845C14B1934A88527FBA7><3CC1F5B57CF1284BA9D476A461DF3FBB>]/Index[143 23]/Info 142 0 R/Length 76/Prev 918310/Root 144 0 R/Size 166/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream << The whole window; meaning the window frame and glazing (glass) or: Center of the glass; meaning it only includes the SHGC for the the glass, Coatings bounce heat and light out or inside the home to increase or decrease light and heat that enters the house, Glazing comes in single or multiple layers to keep mother nature outdoors. %PDF-1.6 % Denver, with the highest average solar heat gain in January. 0000023760 00000 n Map. What exactly does that give you? /MC0 0000000016 00000 n 0000055107 00000 n So the solar heat gain analysis has focused on the coldest month (January) for the 22 northern U.S. locations. 0000050694 00000 n 0000030116 00000 n 0000035147 00000 n How do visible light transmittance, and shading coefficient relate to one another? Modeling thermal mass performance seems difficult or approximate. Solar gain(also known as solar heat gainor passive solar gain) is the increase in thermal energy of a space, object or structure as it absorbs incident solar radiation. The challenge in selecting the appropriate SHGC is balancing out the ideal amount of incoming solar radiation in cold months (to heat your home from the sun's warmth and to lower heating bills), versus keeping solar heat out in hotter months of the year in order to save on air conditioning costs. Note from the cells highlighted in yellow: During the winter, from November through February, one south-facing window would produce more light and solar heat gain than the total gain of three windows facing north, east, and west, respectively. 0000036017 00000 n 0000011477 00000 n The NFRC (National Fenestration Council) describes Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) as: Solar Heat Gain Coefficient(SHGC) measures how well a Great article! Fortunately, these days, thermal breaks which are small pieces of plastic, are built into the window frame, to "break" the conductivity, and therefore do a better job of insulating by disrupting the heat transfer through the frame material. 0000009389 00000 n ) This is quite significant in the design of roofs since dark roofing materials can often be as much as 50 C hotter than the surrounding air temperature, leading to large thermal stresses as well as heat transfer to interior space.[5]. Be sure to read the article on u-factor as well, as it is closely related to energy efficiency in windows. This article also explores the difference in solar gain between south-facing windows and windows facing other directions. I see lots of examples where people try things without "doing the math" beforehand. In addition to glass properties, shading devices integrated into the window assembly are also included in the SC calculation. >> 0000046212 00000 n Yet, the living room and the sun room, get a little bit more but welcome heat, while the bedrooms on the top floor facing west get a wallop in the afternoon. ( + West-facing windows are a bigger concern, needing shading of some sort during hot late afternoons. 0000031934 00000 n Like most things, you can have too much of a good thing. Thank you so much for sharing So thermal mass dampens daily temperature swings from solar gains, keeping interiors within about a ten degree Fahrenheit range (5 degrees C), if designed reasonably well. We want to keep our solar heat, not lose it back through the same window that brought it in. For all other areas, solar heat gain through south-facing windows exceeds the heat lost through the glass. 0000022599 00000 n Tile floors over wood doesn't provide much thermal mass (about 1/2" vs. 4" slab), but more than wood floors. 0000059651 00000 n So you could have a solar-tempered interior with tile or wood floors over wood frame construction, but not fully passive solar, unless you also have other significant thermal mass elsewhere. Should homes with floor joist/subfloors opt for tile over wood? Solar gain - Wikipedia Thank you Bob for sharing this very thorough article! endstream endobj 2226 0 obj <>/Metadata 59 0 R/Pages 2223 0 R/StructTreeRoot 113 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 2227 0 obj <>/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 2223 0 R/Resources<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 14/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 2228 0 obj <>stream Note that the values in Table 6 highlighted in light blue show that south-facing windows gain less heat in June and July compared to east- or west-facing windows. See ASHRAE Fundamentals, Chapter 27,for lists of solar heat gain factors. We include definitions of solar input, shading coefficient, solar heat gain faactor, solar heat gain coefficient, and solar transmittance. endstream endobj 644 0 obj<> endobj 646 0 obj[647 0 R] endobj 647 0 obj<>>> endobj 648 0 obj<> endobj 649 0 obj<> endobj 650 0 obj<> endobj 651 0 obj<> endobj 652 0 obj<> endobj 653 0 obj<> endobj 654 0 obj<> endobj 655 0 obj<> endobj 656 0 obj<> endobj 657 0 obj<> endobj 658 0 obj<> endobj 659 0 obj<> endobj 660 0 obj<> endobj 661 0 obj<> endobj 662 0 obj<> endobj 663 0 obj<> endobj 664 0 obj<> endobj 665 0 obj<> endobj 666 0 obj<> endobj 667 0 obj<> endobj 668 0 obj<> endobj 669 0 obj<> endobj 670 0 obj<> endobj 671 0 obj<> endobj 672 0 obj<> endobj 673 0 obj<> endobj 674 0 obj<> endobj 675 0 obj<> endobj 676 0 obj<> endobj 677 0 obj<> endobj 678 0 obj<> endobj 679 0 obj<> endobj 680 0 obj<> endobj 681 0 obj<> endobj 682 0 obj<> endobj 683 0 obj<> endobj 684 0 obj<> endobj 685 0 obj<> endobj 686 0 obj<> endobj 687 0 obj<> endobj 688 0 obj<> endobj 689 0 obj<> endobj 690 0 obj<> endobj 691 0 obj<> endobj 692 0 obj<> endobj 693 0 obj<> endobj 694 0 obj<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 695 0 obj<> endobj 696 0 obj<> endobj 697 0 obj<> endobj 698 0 obj<> endobj 699 0 obj<> endobj 700 0 obj<>stream 0000037411 00000 n Even if there's only one south-facing window in the room at mid-day in winter, light will bounce off the window sill and floor and diffuse the light, especially at the other end of the room. 0000039534 00000 n /ExtGState 1996 Ashrae Handbook Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning Systems and Equipment: Inch-Pound Edition (Hardcover), ISBN-10: 1883413346 or ISBN-13: 978-1883413347 , Principles of Heating, Ventilating, And Air Conditioning: A textbook with Design Data Based on 2005 AShrae Handbook - Fundamentals (Hardcover), Harry J., Jr. Sauer (Author), Ronald H. Howell, ISBN-10: 1931862923 or ISBN-13: 978-1931862929, 1993 ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals (Hardcover), ISBN-10: 0910110964 or ISBN-13: 978-0910110969, Colloidal Materials, Inc., PO Box 696, Andover MA 01810, Pennwalt Corp., King of Prussia, PA 19406, The Passive Solar Design and Construction Handbook, Steven Winter Associates (Author), Michael J. Crosbie (Editor), Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-047118382 or 0471183083, www.energysavers.gov/your_home/water_heating/index.cfm/mytopic=12850 is the base U.S. DOE website for these articles, Our recommended books about building & mechanical systems design, inspection, problem diagnosis, and repair, and about indoor environment and IAQ testing, diagnosis, and cleanup are at the. Before choosing window locations, sizes and performance characteristics, we need to examine solar heat gains throughout the year, not just January. 0000023549 00000 n 0000026684 00000 n 0000038387 00000 n AL rates 0000027028 00000 n But solar transmittance does not include the solar heat that the glass absorbs and re-radiates into the building, so alone it is not accurate enough for calculating total solar gains through windows. I'm old enough to remember the passive solar homes of the 1970s and 1980s. ( Windows, doors, skylights can gain and lose heat through: These properties can be measured and rated according to the following energy performance characteristics: NFRC labels on window units give ratings for U-factor, SHGC, visible light transmittance (VT), and (optionally) air leakage (AL) and condensation resistance (CR) ratings. My house is orientated 45* off south, with a large wall (38') with 4 large-ish windows orientated south-west, and 2 largish windows orientated south-east. Blocking solar heat gain is particularly important during the summer cooling season. Column 9 shows the net heat gain per day for south-facing windows (which is the solar heat gain minus the heat loss). Table 3 shows the net solar gain and value of solar gains in northern U.S. cities. 2023 The Taunton Press, Inc. All rights reserved. The more you learn about energy efficiency in windows, the more you will be able to evaluate a quality window replacement installer. typically fall in a range between 0.1 and 0.3. Be sure to educate yourself and to work with a professional installer for your project. Other internet data sources may include somewhat different data, but the patterns of data would lead to similar conclusions. 0000050787 00000 n /ArtBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] << be adjusted for thermal lag and time delay. It can't be a problem for north-facing windows, which receive almost no direct sunlight any time of year. The question-and-answer article above, quotes-from, updates, and comments an original article from Solar Age Magazine and written by Steven Bliss. Contrast between the direct sunlight and the TV screen needs to be avoided. Wall CLTD selection. Subscribe to receive updates from Energy Saver, including new blogs, updated content, and seasonal energy saving tips for consumers and homeowners. /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] Using window shades is not a defect of passive solar or other types of homes. South-facing windows also have increased solar heat gain in late August to consider. HUPTekzreUXT ey""E + efw# >XimcQLTs}w#HT^bo$kuYPU:)l {ewGJc'8qq`VHK'O]Hy&$z]=16FlN.S-$&uQ/:w Last edited on 13 February 2023, at 00:16, Learn how and when to remove this template message, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solar_gain&oldid=1139027242, This page was last edited on 13 February 2023, at 00:16. Many computer programs make the job easier by calculating solar heat gain for you. 0000044828 00000 n Lack of sufficient thermal mass was likely a common problem too (resulting in large interior temperature fluctuations in winter, i.e., overheating).

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